CONTENTS
Reviews
Samoilenko T.V., Shishkina V.V., Antakova L.N., Atyakshin D.A. Smooth muscle tissue – a potential target of translational researches in space biomedicine
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This is an overview of the current knowledge of the structural and functional organization of the smooth muscle tissue (SMT) presenting equally fundamental and applied interest for space biomedicine.
SMT is a structural component of the visceral organs involved in adaptive reactions or pathological developments. According to the evidence, cell populations of visceral SMT contain smooth myocites differing in histophysiological properties. Many investigators reason that the SMT morphological and embriological origin is organ-specific and can be an area of translational researches, including space biomedicine. In spite of the multisided analysis of animal and humans tissues exposed to the spaceflight factors, no effort has been made to study SMT in space microgravity or ground-based modeling experiments. However, space gastroenterology knows facts about morphological transformations in the digestive organs in the spaceflight environment. Clearly, SMT as a structural component of the gastrointestinal tract may contribute directly in a number of organ-specific changes during orbital missions.
SMT studies will unveil mechanisms of adaptive cell, and molecular changes with stromal mediation due to microgravity, and reveal targets for enhancing health control in space missions.
Key words: smooth muscle tissue, myocyte, microgravity, gravity, space mission.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 5-15.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-5-15
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Konstantinova N.A. Water pollution as a factor of environmental medicine
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The review deals with different types of potable water pollution and how they affect the human health. Under consideration are the basic pollutants such as heavy metals, waste waters, medical agents, radioactive isotopes etc., and sources. The author outlines the water purification technologies employed in the Russian Federation and abroad.
Key words: water pollution, water resources, environmental medicine, antibiotics, heavy metals, pollutants.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 16-22.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-16-22
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Shoshina I.I., Kotova D.A., Zelenskaya I.S., Lyapunov S.I., Lyapunov I.S., Bekreneva M.P., Tomilovskaya E.S. Contrast sensitivity and ocular tremulous micro-motions: a model study of changed gravity effects on visual perception
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Visual contrast sensitivity and tremulous micro-movements of eyes were evaluated in 10 human subjects (mean age 30.8 ± 4/6 yrs) volunteered for dry immersion (DI) as a model of the physiological effects of microgravity.
Contrast sensitivity was registered using visocontrastmetry with presentation of the Gabor patches with spatial frequency 0.4, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0 and 10.0 c/deg. Amplitude and frequency of eye tremulous movements were measured using a high-frequency optical tweezer. Measurements were performed a day prior to immersion, on DI days 1, 3, 5 and 7, and on the next day after the DI completion. Contrast sensitivity was found altered within both the low and high spatial frequencies; ocular micro-motion amplitudes changed within a wide range. At this point in time, these findings are a step forward in search for a method of objective assessment of the central nervous system functioning in a changed environment.
Key words: contrast sensitivity, tremulous micro-motion of eyes, dry immersion, microgravity, weightlessness, adaptation, readaptation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 23-30.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-23-30
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Pastuhkova L.Kh., Goncharova A.G., Kashirina D.N., Chebotok A.N., Kononikhin A.S., Brzhozovsky A.G., Larina I.M., Ilyin Å.À., Orlov O.I. Characterization of a healthy human blood composition in the course of a year-long stay on the Antarctic station «Vostok»
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Chromatography-mass spectrometry of dried blood spots sampled during the year-long wintering of the 65th Russian expedition to the Antarctic station Vostok identified 6798 peptides. The maximal confidence level made possible the classification of 1239 proteins. Named were proteins that changed concentrations by months 4 and 12 of wintering. Crude proteins typical for these periods were identified, too.
Methods of bioinformatics established period-specific as well as common changes in proteins on the level of confidentiality. The proteomic data allow discussion of signaling pathways and ways the organism adapts to extreme life environments.
Our results suggest that professional activities in the conditions of long-term hypobaric hypoxia, isolation and hypokinesia on Antarctic station «Vostok» are accompanied by changes in the blood proteome affecting first and foremost the processes that control chemical and energy homeostasis on the molecular, cell, tissue, organ and system levels.
Key words: Antarctica, station «Vostok», male health, dried blood spot proteomics, regulatory proteins, adaptation, homeostasis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 31-36.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-31-36
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Ilyin V.K., Starkova L.V. Microbial status of deep divers
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The existing deep diving statistics shows that hyperbaria consequences to the human health increase as the dive gets deeper and longer. The most common reason for termination of occupational saturation dives and early decompression is mycotic otitis externa and otitis media. In 1980s IBMP carried out investigations of the microbial status of deep saturation divers working at various depths.
The results point to the fact that regardless of diver's biotope from the beginning of the isopression phase, the commensal microflora decreases gradually and the count of opportunistic gram-negative bacteria rises.
Administration of antibiotics during prolonged dives must be restricted as an accessory selection factor for resistant agent.
Key words: hyperbaric isopression, microbial status, blue pus bacillus, biotopes.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 37-42.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-37-42
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Tipisova Å.V., Alikina V.A., Molodovskaya I.N., Elfimova A.E., Zyabisheva V.N. Relationship among the levels of dopamine, thyroid and antispermal antibodies in populations of the European and Asian North
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Autoantibodies to thyroglobulin (AntiTGs) and thyroperoxydase (AntiTPs) define in many ways the thyroid activity, whereas antispermal antibodies (ASABs) control the reproductive system. Most of these antibodies belong to immunoglobulin class G; dopamine is able to control the processes of antibody production.
The aim was to demonstrate differences in contents of and relationship among dopamine, thyroid and thyroid and ASABs, thyroglobulin (TG) in male and female populations on the European and Asian North of the Russian Federation.
We investigated 336 essentially healthy males and females at the age of 22 to 44 and 45 to 59 years respectively. Blood serum was analyzed for autoantibodies and plasma - for dopamine. High frequency of dopamine above the upper norm margin was observed in males; dopamine concentration was undetectable in females. Increased dopamine and decreased AntiTG combined with increased TG and ASABs in the Asian North population may suggest that dopamine inhibits AbtoTG synthesis and, therefore, stimulates the thyroid activity. In females, deviations in typically increased antithyroid antibodies and typically decreased TG were more often and could be connected with a higher occurrence of undetectable levels of dopamine that inhibits the autoantibodies production and contributes in autoimmunization.
In addition to the dopamine and ASAB synergy effect on spermatozoids, negative correlations between their levels in the Asian and European North populations may also suggest an inhibitive effect of dopamine on ASAB.
The dopamine effect on the autoimmune effect could be a building block for preventing the risk of autoimmune pathology among people living in the extreme North environment.
Key words: dopaminergic system, antibodies to thyroperoxydase, antibodies to thyroglobulin, thyroglobulin, ASAB, Arctic.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 43-50.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-43-50
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Vovkodav V.S. Markers of the occupational health risks to flight personnel of the state-owned airliners according to the data of pilots medical certification
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The paper discusses the occupational risks for flight crews of the state-owned airliners.
In the period of 2004–2009, prevalence of the cardiovascular diseases was low and increased in 2010–2015, as well as relative risks of the cardiovascular, ear and mastoid diseases. The period of 2016–2020 was marked by a high risk of urogenital diseases, as the probability of these diseases made up 2.2 and the etiological percent amounted to 50 %.
The system of flight personnel health monitoring has been time-proved. The author points out the areas of research to be focused on in order to improve the crew work environment and calls for introduction of the informatics technology in the crew health monitoring system.
Key words: state-owned airliners, flight personnel, occupational risk, risk factors, morbidity, medical certification.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 51-59.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-51-59
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Moiseev Yu.B., Kovalchuk I.A., Rybnikova M.N., Remizov Yu.I. Anthropometric profile of female students of a flight school
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Investigation with participation of the first- to fourth-year female students of the flight school in Krasnodar had the purpose to ascertain that sizes of the present pilot gear fit modern types of the female body.
It was found out that sizes of many female students are below minimal ranges of the pilot gear fit. The quantity of these female students varies from 11 % (anti-g suits) to 100 % (O2 masks). The group of female students was actually representative of the women of the same age in this country. We conclude that the existing misses' sizes do not fit the anthropometric parameters of female candidates for flight training.
To sum up, there is need to revise the size ranges of the flight gear with consideration of modern types of the female body.
Key words: flight personnel, protective equipment, anthropometry, female students.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 60-65.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-60-65
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Karsanova S.K., Yasnetsov V.V. Vestibuloprotective action of new nicotinic acid derivatives
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Experiments with rats showed that two new nicotinic acid derivatives LKhT 6-20 and LKhT 7-20 at a dose of 50 mg/kg produce a vestibuloprotective effect involving an increased food intake after rotation in 1.3 and 1.9 times respectively, when compared to the control group. Effectiveness of LKhT 7-20 exceeded reference drug mexicor (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate, equal dose) in 1.4 times, and previously tested LKhT 6-20 in 1.5 times.
Key words: new nicotinic acid derivatives, vestibuloprotective effect, rats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 66-69.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-66-69
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Osipova P.D., Karpov D.S., Domashin A.I., Polyakov N.B., Soloviev A.I., Zubasheva M.V., Zhukhovitsky V.G., Poddubko S.V. Molecular mechanisms of Bacillus pumilus 25 super resistance to antibiotics and oxidative stress
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Spore-forming bacteria are residents on the International space station (ISS) and can act as potential biodistructors of structural materials with a consequent disturbance of equipment operation. These bacteria demonstrate high resistance to many stress factors. Molecular mechanisms of this resistance are poorly understood. Sanitary/hygienic monitoring resulted in detection and isolation of strain Bacillus pumilus 25. The investigation was aimed to test B. pumilus 25 resistance to oxidative agents, antibiotics, and to analyze expression of genes associated with the cell response to DNA damage and hydrogen sulfide production.
The strain was identified by sequencing 16S RNA and MALDI-TOF analysis. Resistance to stresses and antibiotics was tested with the use of standard microbiological methods. Level of mRNA genes was determined with the real-time polymerase chain reaction.
Our results evidence for heightened B. pumilus 25 resistance to the oxidative stress and majority of the antibiotics used in the investigation. This resistance seems to be associated with high expression of the ku-ligD operon genes, and elevated production of hydrogen sulfide.
Key words: Bacillus pumilus 25, International space station, oxidative stress, hydrogen sulfide.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 70-78
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-70-78
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Belyak A.M., Shilovich À.À., Krivobok A.S., Nikitin V.B., Bibikova T.N. Determination of the effect of directed lighting by blue light-emitting diodes on growth of tap roots of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings during slow 2D-clinostat rotation
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The paper presents the results of experiments with 48-hour horizontal and vertical clinostatting of 5-day old Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings in 2 types of lighting, i.e. white light (4000 cd) and lateral blue light (450 nm). The experiments were performed in a clinostat designed to install Petri dishes with juvenile Arabidopsis thaliana in the horizontal and rotate it about the horizontal axis at a speed of 1 rev/min. Angular bend of the main root (MR) was measured as it elongated.
It was demonstrated that, on the average, vertical clinostating in white light caused a more significant MR departure from the apical-basis axis than the horizontal clinostating. The proposed space experiments with Arabidopsis seedlings and laboratory controls will require extensive preliminary studies of the effects of specific light spectra and directions, and crop orientation. In blue light, there was no difference in the MR departure due to the seedlings placement in the clinostat; however, more than 75 % of the seedlings tended to bend away from the light source.
Directed blue lighting in a 2D-clinostat can be an approach to root system orientation based on the negative phototropism.
Key words: gravity response, gravireception, gravitropism, clinostat.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 6. P. 79-87.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-6-79-87.
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