CONTENTS
Vinogradova O.L., Tomilovskaya E.S., Kozlovskaya I.B. Gravitational factor as a base of the evolutionary adaptation of animal organisms to activities in the earth conditions
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A review of the currently available ideas about the role of gravitational factor in the activity of the sensorimotor and cardiovascular systems, as well as new fundamental problems and questions for space medicine and physiology, is presented.
The review presents data on the embryogenesis of animals under conditions of weightlessness, the evolution of the motor and cardiovascular systems and the peculiarities of their functioning under conditions of gravity, as well as in the change of gravitational load. Much attention is paid to the results of unique studies in modeling gravitational unloading on Earth: antiorthostatic hypokinesia, dry immersion and suspension, which made it possible to study the mechanisms of regulation of various body systems under conditions of altered gravity.
Terrestrial organisms have learned to function in the gravitational field. Almost all systems of their body are gravitationally dependent. However, the extent and mechanisms of this dependence have long remained unclear. Space flights have opened up the possibility of studying the activity of living systems in the absence of gravity. Among the factors mediating the effect of weightlessness on the motor system, changes in the activity of sensory systems occupy an important place. Under the Earth conditions, the afferent support of motion control systems is polyreceptive: this is vision, and the vestibular apparatus, supporting and muscular afferentations. In zero gravity, the activity of some channels is completely eliminated (support afferentation), others are distorted (vestibular apparatus), and still others are weakened (proprioception). Similar processes occur in the cardiovascular system: with the loss of the pressure gradient caused by gravity, profound changes occur in the structure and functioning of the heart and vessels, both resistive and capacitive. The question of how much the various changes occurring in the cardiovascular system are associated with the disappearance of the gravitationally dependent pressure gradient is still open.
It is not possible to solve all the problems of gravitational physiology In space flights. Therefore, various methods have been developed for simulating gravitational unloading on Earth. New data on the mechanisms of changes occurring in the sensorimotor system were obtained by comparing flight data and data obtained in model experiments. The fundamental problem for the gravitational physiology of cardiovascular system is the degree of correspondence of the changes observed in laboratory animals and under model conditions (antiorthostatic hypokinesia, immersion, suspension) with the changes that are recorded in real space flight in humans. This problem is specially discussed in the review.
At the same time, in the light of the upcoming interplanetary expeditions, many questions remain unresolved, in particular, the problems of post-flight readaptation of the motor and cardiovascular systems to gravity conditions. This is a fight against loss of strength, endurance, orthostatic instability. The development and improvement of a system for preventing the negative effects of space flight factors is impossible without understanding the mechanisms of development of the observed changes.
Key words: evolution, gravitation, sensorimotor system, cardiovascular system, embryogenesis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 5-26.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-5-26
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Gerasimenko Yu., Edgerton V.R., Harkema S., Kozlovskaya I. Gravity dependent mechanisms of sensorimotor regulation îf posture and locomotion
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This review is dedicated to the memory of Inesa Kozlovskaya, whose contributions to gravitational physiology was and will continue to be decisive. Dr. Kozlovskaya has developed the concept of gravity-dependent motor control and substantiated the role of supporting afferentation in postural – tonic regulation. It was shown that the support afferentation plays the leading role in the control of the tonic muscle system and regulation of postural synergies. In this review the modern mechanisms of posture-locomotion integration as well as the mechanisms of sensory-motor regulation based on stimulation of foot and muscle receptors in combination with spinal cord stimulation will be considered. Based on the results presented in this review the concept of neurorehabilitation is proposed to be considered as the implementation of various neuromodulations aimed at regulating the functional state of the injured nervous system. The concept is based on the interaction of the processes of regulation of the functional state of the injured brain and sensory input during executing of motor tasks.
Key words: support afferentation, motor control, posture and locomotions, neurorehabilitation, spinal locomotor networks.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 27-42.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-27-42
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Saenko D.G., Tomilovskaya E.S. Ideas of I.B. Kozlovskaya about the influence of microgravity on the posture control system
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Professor Inesa B. Kozlovskaya led a series of multifaceted systematic studies that explored the impact of space flights and ground-based models of microgravity on motor control in humans. Based on data from these studies, she postulated that the cascade of microgravity-induced impairments in postural control is largely associated with deactivation of the muscle tone system. The decrease in tone of antigravity muscles, in turn, is triggered by the deficit and distortion of gravity-specific sensory input from tactile mechanoreceptors and otoliths. Further studies led by Prof. Kozlovskaya demonstrated that the quality of postural control following space flights depends on the type and amount of in-flight physical activity. These fundamental works have elucidated mechanisms through which microgravity impacts motor control and are instrumental in developing advanced countermeasure means of the negative sensorimotor effects caused by space flights.
Key words: space flight, ground-based models of microgravity, posture, equilibrium, proprioception, neuromodulation, spinal cord stimulation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 43-49.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-43-49
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Kornilova L.N. Orientation in space, vestibular function and ocular tracking in the changed gravitational environment
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The paper reports results of the author's sensorimotor physiology studies made under the guidance of I.B. Kozlovskaya. The vestibular function and ocular tracking tests were performed by more than 100 cosmonauts prior to and after long-term missions to the Mir and International space station. Fifty two of them implemented these tests between mission days 129 to 215. We studies orientation illusions, spontaneous eye movements, static vestibulo-ocular response to head turns (static otolith-cervical reflex), dynamic vestibulo-ocular reactions to the head roll about the body axis, precision of fixational eye movements, and smooth tracking. Results of testing in the real changed gravity were compared with the data from 7 to 21-day simulation studies in horizontal dry immersion. The tests revealed 4 forms of vestibular disorders characterized by disturbances of spatial perception, orientation illusions, inversions of vection illusions, weakening of static and strengthening of dynamic vestibulo-ocular reactions, a new visual tracking strategy termed a saccadic approximation, that is the gaze approaches or tracks a target using a series of saccadic movements. In addition, the tests made it possible to specify the impact of afferentation deficit (sensory deprivation) on accuracy of ocular and ocular-manual tracking and validate additional sensory stimulation as a method to counteract the effects of sensory deprivation in real and simulated microgravity.
Key words: space flight, orientation illusions, vestibular function, ocular tracking.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 50-57.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-50-57
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Shenkman B.S., Mirzoev T.M., Kozlovskaya I.B. Tonic activity and gravitational control of the postural muscle
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The review is an attempt to describe and give a meaning to the accumulated data about the mechanisms controlling the structure and functionality of the postural muscle the almost continuous work of which makes it possible for the humans and animals to exist actively on Earth's surface. A great bulk of these data was obtained, described and systematized by professor I.B. Kozlovskaya and her pupils. A body of the most interesting facts and regularities was documented in other laboratories and research centers, quite often under the influence of ideas suggested by I.B. Kozlovskaya. The concept of the tonic system, that is, an integral physiological apparatus comprising not only slow and fast muscular fibers and small controlling motoneurons but also a complex of the brain (up to and including the striatum and motor cortex) and sensory mechanisms, constitutes the most important parts of her theoretical legacy. The fundamental conclusion of this review is that the gravity-dependent tonic contracting activity of the postural muscle controlled by the nervous system and afferent mechanisms is key to maintaining its structure, signal pathways and mechanic properties crucial for its constant anti-gravity activity.
Key words: m. Soleus, tonic activity, gravitational control, gravitational unloading, support afferentation, signaling mechanisms, proteostasis, myosinic phenotype.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 58-72.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-58-72
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Fuminori Kawano, Takashi Ohira, Katsumasa Goto, Yoshinobu Ohira Role(s) of gravitational loading on the growth ànd development of neuromuscular properties
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The roles of gravitational load or anti-gravitational muscular activities on the growth and development of motor function and/or anti-gravity muscle, soleus, had been investigated. In this review, the responses of growth-associated changes in swimming [1, 2] and/or surface righting performance [3], spatial learning and memory functions [4], and hippocampal neurogenesis [5] or protein expression [6] to hindlimb unloading (HU) by hindlimb suspension or spaceflight during neonatal growing period in rats were discussed. Effects on the morphological and contractile properties, distribution of neuromuscular junction in single muscle fibers, sampled from tendon-to-tendon, and roles of satellite cells and myonuclei in the regulation of these properties [7–9] were also reviewed.
Key words: growth and development, motor function, soleus muscle and muscle fibers, gravitational load.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 73-79.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-73-79
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Levik Yu.S. Space researches and new concepts in the physiology of movements
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The paper has the objective to analyze contributions of the schools of thought developed by Inessa B. Kozlovskaya and Viktor S. Gurfinkel to the physiology of movements in space. Their investigations became a source of new concepts in place of some obsolescent theories and found practical implementations in space, and also on Earth for rehabilitation of patients, specifically.
Key words: posture, adaptation, microgravity, support afferentation, system of internal representation, body scheme.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 80-91.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-80-91
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Tadaaki Mano, Satoshi Iwase Great contribution of professor Inesa Kozlovskaya and her russian team to the development of aerospace medicine in Japan
Reschke M.F., Kozlovskaya I.B., Lysova N., Kitov V., Rukavishnikov I., Kofman I.S., Tomilovskaya E.S., Rosenberg M.J., Osetsky N., Fomina E., Grishin A., Wood S.J. Joint Russian-USA field test: implications for deconditioned crew following long duration spaceflight
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A joint NASA and Institute of Biomedical Problems (IBMP) study, designated as the Field Test, was designed to investigate how the immediate post-flight effects of long duration spaceflight impact performance on vestibular and sensorimotor-related functional tasks. One unique feature of this study was the use of functional tests typically associated with everyday living to track recovery. These tasks are also expected of crewmembers during recovery operations and include sit-to-stand and prone-to-stand transitions, translating objects, and jumping down from a platform. This paper provides an overview of the methodology used for the Field Test. As an example of the functional deficits observed, we present results for a seat egress and walking task that involved turning 180 degrees and stepping over obstacles. We observed significant increases in the time-to-complete this task on landing day. We recommend this task being incorporated into Standard Measures to evaluate the efficacy of countermeasures. The decrements observed at landing day have implications for the deconditioned crew during exploration missions where crewmembers will be unassisted after landing on a planetary surface.
Key words: vestibular, sensorimotor, ataxia, locomotion, spaceflight, post-flight recovery.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 94-100.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-94-100
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Grigoriev A.I., Lapin B.A., Kozlovskaya I.B., Ilyin Å.À. Biosatellites Bion 6-11: investigations with primates
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In 1951, the USSR started launching rockets with dogs in preparation of the first human space flight. The US, starting in 1948, launched primates. These launches of rockets with animals pursued primarily the objectives of engineering testing, whereas the actual researches with primates in orbital flights in US and USSR began in 1969 and 1983, respectively. USSR/Russia launched 12 rhesus-macaques onboard 6 biosatellites of the BION series. The main goal of the investigations was to attack the so-called space adaptation syndrome. Implanted and applied electrodes provided unique information about progression of the space motion sickness, motor dysfunction and growth of intracranial pressure in the condition of microgravity. The BION program was conducted in a broad cooperation with international partners.
Key words: rhesus-macaques, biosatellites, microgravity, adaptation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 101-109.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-101-109
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Kozlovskaya I.B., Lapin B.A., Miller N.V., Badakva A.M. Russian vestibular investigations with primates in flights of the biosatellites
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The BION program with primates included 2 vestibular studies one was focused on coordination of the eye and head movements and activities of the medial vestibular nuclei and cerebellum flocculus during angular head movements in the horizontal plane for gaze fixation and the other, on the central vestibular neurons and otolith-induced cardiac rhythm reaction during linear displacement about the body axis. Sensitivity of the central vestibular neurons to both angular and linear accelerations was found to increase at the beginning of microgravity and then normalized gradually, whereas the flocculus activity remained high throughout the mission.
Key words: primates, microgravity, vestibular sensitivity, neuronal activity, otolith-induced cardiac rhythm reaction.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 110-116.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-110-116
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Biriukova E.V. Neuro rehabilitation with the use of an arm exoskeleton controlled by a brain-computer interface: implemented interdisciplinary project
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The paper outlines an interdisciplinary project on development of a brain-computer controlling arm exoskeleton suitable for rehabilitation of stroke patients.
Key words: brain-computer interface, exoskeleton, stroke rehabilitation, neuroplasticity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 117-124.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-117-124
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Gusev E.I., Gueht A.B., Tomilovskaya E.S., Galanov D.V., Avdeeva Ì.À. Application of gravitational correction technologies in motor rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke
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The review dwells upon efficiency of the therapeutic axial loading suit in rehabilitation of stroke patients with motor disorders. The results of investigations showed that exercises in TALS diminish the neurological deficit, help forward recovery, and favor to functional and social re-adaptation.
Key words: ischemic stroke, motor disorders, rehabilitation, dynamic proprioceptive correction, therapeutic suit.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 125-135.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-125-135
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Saenko I.V., Chernikova L.A., Khizhnikova A.E., Kremneva E.I., Kozlovskaya I.B. Dynamics of the processes of inter- and intra-hemispheric interactions (functional connectivity) of the brain motor zones responsible for walking in neuro-rehabilitation of patients with focal damages of the central nervous system
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The paper discusses the findings of studying neuroplastic transformations in the brain cortex owing to stroke patients therapy using soft multimodel exoskeleton complex (MEC) REGENT in comparison with activation of the cortex structures controlling locomotion in healthy people. The MEC course applied to hemiparetic patients increases walk speed; changes in the activity zones detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) attest to the positive trajectory of neuroplastic processes, i.e. activation in the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex), secondary association cortex (inferior parietal lobule) on the damaged hemisphere, and right-side primary sensorimotor cortex.
Analysis of the functional connectivity between the areas of interest before and after the MEC therapy elicited significant changes in the inter- and intra-hemispheric connections. This positive cortical reorganization has its origin in reduction of excitory interactions between the secondary associative areas (inferior parietal lobules in both hemispheres) and alleviation of the inhibitory interaction between the inferior parietal lobule and primary right-side sensorimotor cortex in the damaged hemisphere.
Key words: neuroplasticity, MEC REGENT, sensorimotor passive fMRI, stroke patients, locomotion, neuro-rehabilitation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2020. V. 54. ¹ 6. P. 136-143.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2020-54-6-136-143
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