CONTENTS
Reviews
Shafirkin A.V. Biological effectiveness of fission spectrum neutrons and protons with energies of 60–126 MeV during acute and prolonged irradiation
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 5–13
Neutrons of the fission spectrum are characterized by relatively high values of linear energy transfer (LET). Data about their effects on biological objects are used to evaluate the risk of delayed effects of accelerated ions within the same LET range that serve as an experimental model of the nuclei component of galactic cosmic rays (GCR). Additionally, risks of delayed consequences to cosmonaut's health and average lifetime from certain GCR fluxes and secondary neutrons can be also prognosticated. The article deals with comparative analysis of the literature on reduction of average lifespan (ALS) of animals exposed to neutron reactor spectrum, 60–126 MeV protons, and X- and ?-rays in a broad range of radiation intensity and duration.
It was shown that a minimal lifespan reduction by 5 % occurs due to a brief exposure to neutrons with the absorbed dose of 5 cGy, whereas same lifespan reduction due to hard X- and ?-radiation occurs after absorption of a minimal dose of 100 cGy. Therefore, according to the estimated minimal ALS reduction in mice, neutron effectiveness is 20-fold higher. Biological effectiveness of protons as regards ALS reduction is virtually equal to that of standard types of radiation.
Exposure to X- and ?-radiation with decreasing daily doses, and increasing number of fractions and duration gives rise to an apparent trend toward a less dramatic ALS reduction in mice; on the contrary, exposure to neutrons of varying duration had no effect on threshold doses for the specified ALS reductions. Factors of relative biological effectiveness of neutrons reached 40.
Key words: exposure to neutrons, relative biological effectiveness, radiation safety, radiation standardization, dose rate, neutrons, protons.
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Kotovskaya A.R. Symptoms of negative effects of cumulation in humans and animals under the action of g-loads of varying direction in context of aviation and space flights
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 14–18
Author's and literary data are analyzed to evince symptoms of cumulation in humans and animals of the negative effects caused by g-forces of different directions experienced in aviation and space flights. The author cites evidence for the decisive importance of g-duration for the development of negative effects. Functional indices of g-tolerance do not rule out possible latent changes in visceral organs and body tissues.
Key words: g-loads, aviation, space, cumulation.
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Agureev A.N., Afonin B.V., Sedova E.A., Solovieva A.A., Valuev V.A., Sidorenko L.A. Nutritional status in the experiment with 105-day isolation as the first phase of project Mars-500
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 19–28
In a 105-day experiment simulating crew life in a space exploration vehicle, shifts in the nutritional status were assessed in 6 test subjects differing in the body mass index, basal metabolism, attitude to the diet, physical exercise and workload. Results of the investigation showed that because of the hard physical work the nutritional status of test subjects was described by more intensive basal metabolism, elevated metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and their increased mobilization from depots. Food ration, though it was sufficient to sustain health and fairly high performance, failed to meet fully individual taste preferences and energy needs for physical activities. The heavy workloads required mobilization of lipids from adipose depots, and a decrease of the hepatic detoxification and metabolic capacities. Self-limitation of eating protein-rich desserts led to a relative deficiency of protein intake. These faults of the diet were the reason why 4 out of 6 test subjects reduced their basal metabolism and lost body mass. Recovery of metabolism and slowdown of the body mass loss were achieved by supplementing meals with available protein-containing products.
Key words: space flight, space exploration vehicle, nutritional status, diet, body mass, basal metabolism, hypokinesia, glucose, lipids, liver, 13Ñ-metacetyne test.
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Yasnetsov V.V., Tsublova E.G., Yasnetsov Vik.V., Skachilova S.Ya., Karsanova S.K., Chelnaya N.A. Vestibular and thermoprotective properties of a new actoprotector
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 29–32
In experiments with rats, a new 3-hydroxypyridine (3-HP) derivative – 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine L-asparaginate (30 mg/kg) – exhibited a strong vestibuloprotective effect which was better than of promethazine (50 mg/kg), a well-known vestibuloprotector. Besides the new actoprotector was competitive with another 3-HP derivative, namely, mexidol (ethyl-methyl-hydroxypyridine succinate) (100 mg/kg). Moreover, a distinct thermoprotective effect of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine L-asparaginate (30 mg/kg) in mice was not worse than that of mexidol or metaprot (ethylthiobenzimidasol, former name bimethyl), an actoprotector with good thermoprotective properties. To conclude, owing to the membrane-protective and antioxidative qualities, the vestibuloprotective and thermoprotective properties of 2-ethyl-6-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine L-asparaginate are better or competitive with the reference preparations.
Key words: a new 3-hydroxypyridine derivative, mexidol, promethazine, metaprot, vestibuloprotective and thermoprotective effect.
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Naumov I.A., Kornilova L.N., Glukhikh D.O., Pavlova A.S., Khabarova E.V., Ekimovsky G.A., Vasin A.V. Vestibular function after repeated space flights
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 33–40
Results of the vestibular function testing of 32 cosmonauts on return from repeated 125- to 215-day space flights (SF) on the International space station are presented. The cosmonauts were tested twice before flight (baseline data collection) and on days 1–2, 4–5 and 8–9 after landing. Electro- and video-oculography were used to register simultaneously eye and head movements. It was found that deadaptation following a repeated stay in long-duration SF takes statistically much shorter time. Most often, atypical vestibular disorders and changed patterns of the otolith-semicircular canal interaction are observed in cosmonauts who have made their maiden flights to microgravity.
Key words: vestibular system, otolith-cervico-ocular reflex, vestibular-cervico-ocular reflex, vestibular reactivity, microgravity.
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Markina Å.À., Bobyleva P.I., Andrianova I.V., Andreevà Å.R., Buravkova L.B. Profile of the marrow-derived stromal precursors population in Ñ57ÂL/6N mice flown on biosatellite Bion-M1
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 41–48
The CFU-F number, proliferative activity and spontaneous differentiation potential of stromal cells derived from the tibia marrow of Ñ57BL/6N mice readapted to the 1-g gravity following a long-term flight on biosatellite Bion-M1 were evaluated. The CFU-F number, proliferative activity and spontaneous adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of marrow-derived stromal cells from the space flown group were no different from the group of vivarium control. However, the proliferative activity and adhesion properties of the cells were down-regulated on day 7 of readaptation. These results suggest that space flight factors did not impact the stromal differon of the mouse marrow. The inhibited stromal cell activity after 7 days of readaptation implies that functional recovery of stromal differon cells still has not been complete.
Key words: biosatellite Bion-M1, Ñ57BL/6N mice, stromal marrow precursors, CFU-F, proliferative activity, osteodifferentiation, adipodifferentiation.
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Berendeeva Ò.À., Ponomarev S.A., Antropova E.N., Rykova M.P. Toll-like receptors in cosmonaut's peripheral blood cells after long-duration missions to the International space station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 49–54
Studies of Toll-like receptors (TLR) in 20 cosmonauts-members of long-duration (124–199-day) missions to the International space station evidenced changes in relative and absolute counts of peripheral blood monocytes with TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6 on the surface, expression of TLR2 and TLR6 genes, and genes of molecules involved in the TLR signaling pathway and TLR-related NF-KB-, JNK/p38- and IRF pathways on the day of return to Earth. The observed changes displayed individual variability.
Key words: immunity system, Toll-like receptors (TLR), space missions.
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Clinical Investigations
Ushakov I.B., Ivanov A.V., Kvasovets S.V., Bubeev Yu.A. Neurosemantic and psychophysiological correlates of rhythm-suggestive ñorrection of stress conditions
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 55–60
Correlates of successful rhythm-suggestive compensation of stress in sportsmen with neurotic symptoms developed in consequence of painful experience of failure were studied. Effectiveness of the rhythm-suggestive and rational psychological methods was compared by measuring the evoked potentials response to emotionally significant extramental verbal stimuli and images, and using psychophysiological test MASTER to track dynamics of a number of body functional parameters.
The rational compensation has been shown to reduce the psychic tension and to set right the voluntary control process. Rhythm-suggestive programs are good for compensation of post-stress emotions and affectations, and the involuntary control process.
It was found that correction potentialities of the rhythm-suggestive programs together with the psychodiagnostic advantages of test MASTER are promising instruments for dynamic monitoring of the mental state with the aim to prevent workplace stresses and to provide rehabilitation treatment of aftermaths.
Key words: stress, correction, sportsmen, disorders, evoked potentials, suggestion.
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Matkevich E.I., Sinitsyn V.E., Ivanov I.V. Health prediction indices obtained with low-dose computer tomography scans
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 61–67
Purpose of the investigation was to make prognostic estimations of reductions in somatic morbidity and temporal disability, and tumor pathology using low-dose computer tomography (CT) scans and to compare with standard protocols. Mean effective radiation doses were determined based on the results of 1627 diagnostic CT investigations made in 2012–2014 at the Treatment and Rehabilitation Center of the Russian Ministry of Health. Low-dose CT scans of the head and thoracic, abdominal and small pelvis organs were obtained on a GE Discovery CT750 HD, and with the help of the ASIR and MBIR algorithms of iterative reconstruction. In comparison with a standard dose, a single CT scan with a dose reduced by 10–12 mSv predicts a decrease in total morbidity by 0.84–5.52 % and temporal disability by 0.55–1.65 % per 100 employees over a year; total risk of tumors and genetic effects reduced in 5 to 10 times, which may be equal to 40–90 cases per 100,000 of 30 y.o. males.
Key words: computer tomography, standard protocols, low-dose scans, low ionizing radiation doses, dose loading reduction, radiation risk, oncologic and nononcologic diseases, genetic effects.
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Lectures
Khudyakova E.P., Karpova O.I. Psychophysiological aspects of the stress problem
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 68–75
In the review of literature on stress phenomenology and mechanisms stress is defined as a holistic adaptive psychophysiological reaction in response to a physical or emotiogenic stimulus. Physiological and psychological approaches to stress analysis are demonstrated. Stress is regarded as a nonspecific reaction to stimuli characterized by particular changes in responses of organism. Stress is a part of physiological and personality adaptation. Stress-reaction may produce equally a negative and positive effect on human health and performance.
Key words: stress, nonspecific reaction, adaptation, forms of stress, negative and positive stress, extreme professions.
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Ushakov I.B., Karpov À.À., Kryuchkov B.I., Poliakov A.V., Usov V.Ì. Promising options for medical robotics application in support of crew life activities and mitigation of medical risks during space flight
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 6. P. 76–83.
Theme of the article is integration of robotics, medical robots that embody the bio-engineering technology specifically, into the spacecrew medical care system.
Key words: piloted space complex, onboard medical robots, onboard medical capabilities, robotic bio-engineering systems, biological feedback.
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