CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Kotovskaya A.R., Fomina G.A., Salnikov A.V., Yarmanova Å.N. Developing the methodology of examining the lower limb veins in cosmonauts for the space medicine practice
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 6. P. 5–9
The article centres on development of a methodology for evaluating the function of lower limb veins of cosmonauts in microgravity. The whys and wherefores of the choice of occlusive plethysmography equipment and procedure are explained. Much place is given to arguments for the requisite body and limb positioning during venous plethysmography pre launch and on return from space flight. To minimize the gravity effect on venous blood flow, the body should be in the level position and the calf aligned with the hydrodynamically indifferent point. Determining the type of test occlusion, occlusion adjustments, venous parameters of interest, and data processing procedure constitute the methodology.
Key words: veins, microgravity, occlusion plethysmography.
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Morukov I.B., Rykova M.P., Antropova E.N., Berendeeva T.A., Ponomarev S.A., Morukov B.V. Status of the osteoclast-activating system in cosmonauts after long-duration missions to the International Space Station
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 6. P. 10–15. The results of studying the system of osteoprotegerin/receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (OPG/RANKL) in 22 cosmonauts after long-duration (124 to 199 days) ISS missions are presented. Immediately on return to 1 g, changes were observed in OPG and RANKL serum levels and the ability to produce unstimulated and stimulated PGA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in vitro. Individual variability of these changes was noticed. Our findings suggest that the cytokine OPG/RANKL-system is involved in bone remodeling in members of long-duration space missions.
Key words: OPG, RANKL, space flight.
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Ushakov I.B., Simakova T.G., Zipa Î.Ì., Chernikova À.G., Baevskiy R.Ì. Use of the prenosology approach for attaining the objectives of pilot medical expertise
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 6. P. 16–22
Early diagnostics of senior pilots for diseases and conditions undesirable in terms of flight safety is tightly linked with evaluation of risks of their development. Prenosology diagnostics is focused on borderline states that may pass from health to disease (prenosology and premorbidity) and, vice versa, from disease to recovery (post-nosology). Regarding health as a vital adaptation reserve, prenosology diagnostics is concerned with the ability of organism to adapt to an environment rather than probability of disease. Constant drain of adaptation reserves may become a reason for increased risks of disease. Heart rate variability analysis is one of the instruments of prenosology diagnostics. Authors of the paper discuss applicability of the space-medicine oriented probabilistic approach to evaluation of adaptation risks by medical expertise boards certifying civil pilots. Results of 2 series of investigations showed increased adaptation risks and reduced functional reserves in pilots found unfit to continue career.
Key words: prenosology diagnostics, adaptation risk, pilot medical expertise, heart rate variability.
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Ogneva I.V., Biruykov N.S., Veselova O.M., Larina I.M. Cytochrome c content and mitochondrial activity in rat’s cardiac and skeletal muscle cells in the course of 3-day gravitational unloading
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 6. P. 23–29
Purpose of the investigation was to determine the cytochrome c content and associated gene expression in cardiomyocytes and m. soleus fibers obtained from rats following 6, 12, 18, 24 and 72 hours of tail suspension. Cellular respiration was measured using Sax’s polarography as a parameter reflecting the mitochondrial activity.
In cardiomyocytes, cytochrome c in the protein membrane-mitochondrial fraction grew 34.6 % (p < 0.05) after 18 hours of suspension relative the control. Cycs and gapdh expression was not altered, while parameters of the cardiomyocyte cellular respiration were increased.
In m.soleus fibers, cytochrome c made a fall following 24-hr suspension. mRNA cycs was found reduced significantly after 6 hours and cellular respiration intensity declined reliably after 72 hours of gravitational unloading.
Key words: cellular respiration, tail suspension, cytochrome c.
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Yasnetsov V.V., Motin V.G., Yasnetsov Vik.V., Karsanova S.K., Ivanov Yu.V., Chelnaya N.A. Effects of vestibuloprotectors mexidol and melatonin on animal cerebellum
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 6. P. 30–33
In experiments with cats, air-assisted microinjections of mexidol and melatonin had a direct effect on 71–81 % Purkinje cells inducing the inhibitory response 4.2–6.3 times more often than exiting. In case of concurrent action of ÌÊ-801 (a specific noncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist) the mexidol effect on the spontaneous activity was suppressed fully or abated significantly in 88 % Purkinje cells. Lusindol (a specific melatonin MT1- and MT2-receptor antagonist) and GABA-negative bicuculline prevented the inhibiting effect of melatonin fully or abated significantly the spontaneous activity of 86 % and 71 % Purkinje cells, respectively. This means that melatonin-produced inhibition recruits both melatonin MT1- and MT2-receptors, and also the GABA-ergic component (stimulation of GABAÀ-receptors). Investigation of rat’s cerebellum slices with prolonged survival showed that 5 mM of mexidol inhibited reliably Purkinje cells population responses by 93 ± 4 %; the presence of ÌÊ-801 (100 µMÌ) weakened this effect by 82 ± 3 %. Consequently, mexidol is capable to inhibit strongly the parallel fibers – Purkinje cells synaptic transmission in the rat’s cerebellum, whereas ÌÊ-801 abates this effect appreciably.
Key words: cerebellum, Purkinje cells, mexidol, melatonin.
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Pogodina M.V., Buravkova L.B. Oxidative stress resistance of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells cultivated under different oxygen tension
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 6. P. 34–38
Studies of the reaction of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MMSCs) derived from human adipose tissue to oxidative stress showed that cells cultivated at 5 % Î2 possessed much lower resistance to hydrogen peroxide. This could be consequent to low basal activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GP) in these cells when compared to MMSCs exposed to 20 % O2 and 1 % Î2. Twenty-four-hour exposure of stromal precursors in a medium containing Í2Î2 in a minimal concentration (LD5) stimulated an oxygen-dependent rise of the SOD activity, whereas catalase and GP concentrations did not change. Activation of the antioxidant system in response to equally a weak hypoxic (1 % Î2) and weak hyperoxic (20 % Î2) stress in vitro enhances the MMSCs resistance to Í2Î2.
Key words: multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, oxidative stress, hydrogen peroxide, antioxidant system.
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Saltykova Ì.Ì. Alteration of the QRS complex in electrocardiograms of healthy people in the course of test loading
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 6. P. 39–46
QRS amplitudes were analyzed in ECG records obtained from exercising healthy people to evaluate the sensitivity of QRS waves to exaggerated pulmonary ventilation, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Seventeen normal subjects aged >35 years were involved in a series of three test loading sessions aimed to define QRS alterations caused by shifting and rotation of the heart, and changes in conductivity of thoracic organs and tissues as a consequence of a different respiration pattern. They also participated in a second series of three loading sessions aimed to trace QRS alterations stemming from changes in central hemodynamics (systolic and diastolic BP and HR). Both series demonstrated a reliable S-wave rise that did not relate to the heart rotation caused by the diaphragm displacement due to deep respiration and change in body positioning but correlated with increases in systolic BP. These observations could have been induced by growth of the transmural myocadial pressure produced by isovolumic contractions during heavy test loading.
Key words: electrocardiogram, test loading, loading-induced alterations in QRS voltage.
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Kurdanova M.Kh., Beslaneev I.A., Batyrbekova L.M., Kurdanov Kh.A. System analysis of heart rate variability, hemodynamics and bioelectrical activity of the human brain at moderate altitudes
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 6. P. 47–52
Heart rate variability (HRV), hemodynamics, cerebral alpha-rhythm and systemic relations between them were investigated in 35 normal human subjects at the age of 37.2 ± 3.8 years.
Results of comprehensive clinical, functional and instrumental HRV investigations, electroencephalography (EEG) using 21 monopolar electrodes and blood pressure (BP) monitoring were embodied in mathematical models describing the relations of these parameters, multiple regression equations, and generated 3-D diagrams.
It was found that relative increase of LF and reductions of HF ranges occurred on the background of BP elevation. The EEG alpha amplitude was depressed and alpha index decreased. The HRV reduction and modification of the alpha-rhythm structure were demonstrated to affect BP values. These data point to interactions and tight relations between the vegetative and central nervous systems and BP.
Key words: heart rate variability, hemodynamics, cerebral alpha-rhythm, system analysis.
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Turtikova Î.V., Lysenko Å.À., Nemirovskaya Ò.L., Shenkman B.S. Effect of branched-chain amino acids mixture on repair of atrophied rats’ skeletal muscles
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2014. V. 48. ¹ 6. P. 53–58
Loss of muscle mass (atrophy) is a regular consequence of gravitational unloading. In hypogravity, muscle atrophy ensues from depression of protein synthesis and increase of its degradation. Both of these processes underlie also atrophy caused by muscle immobilization, cancer cachexia, cardio-myopathy and age-related sarcopenia. At the same time, atrophy of skeletal muscles due to chronic alcohol intoxication is the outcome of protein synthesis depression primarily. The study was part of a program aimed to develop a technique for atrophied muscle recovery by activation of anabolic signal pathways. A similar approach is applied to correct hypogravity-induced atrophy; however, analysis of effectiveness of this approach to the treatment of alcoholic muscle atrophy will be more «pure», as proteolytic processes in intoxicated animals are on the level typical of the intact ones.
The issue in hand was whether injection of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) would facilitate repair of m. gastrocnemius medialis in rats in the period of 30 days after 16-week alcoholic intoxication. BCAA was shown to enhance regain size by fast muscular fibers, full recovery of phosphorylated p90RSK concentrations without consequential effects on general proliferative processes and myonuclear number in rat’s m. gastrocnemius medialis.
Key words: m. gastrocnemius, myonuclei, ribosomal kinase, alcoholic intoxication, BCAA, BrdU.
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Information
Ushakov I.B., Bogomolov V.V., Kozlovskaya I.B., Yarmanova E.N., Fomina E.V. Consequences of disregarding the recommended strength training regimes in space flight: a unique case of seat liner emergency modification at the final stage of a mission
Borovik À.S., Popov D.V., Fadin V.G., Kuzmin I.V., Sharova A.P., Vinogradova O.L. On the functional potential evaluation and selection of skiing-specific training loads for shoulder girdle muscles
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