CONTENTS
Reviews
Zinkin V.N., Sheshegov P.M. Interference and masking action of high-intensity noise and methods of mitigation
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Noise is the leading adverse factor in the day-to-day activities of the Russian force units. External nose, high-intensity in particular, degrades operator's efficiency increasing the probability of erroneous actions.
The paper dwells on noise interference and masking effects on sound transmission and speech communication. Personal mufflers are unable to reduce noise interference fully, high-intensity noise specifically. Bone conduction is regarded to be an optional pathway of sound transmission. The use of bone conduction gadgets will afford clear communication in high-intensity noise environments.
Key words: noise, interference and masking effect, air and bone conduction, personal hearing protectors.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 5-12.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-5-12
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Orlov O.I., Popova I.I., Reviakin Yu.G. Use of telemedicine methods and means of image information acquisition from cosmonauts
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Telemedicine potential in informational support to the biomedical monitoring of Russian crewmembers at the International space station (ISS) is illustrated by experiment BIMS aimed to demonstrate platforms TBK-1 and TBK-1S developed for acquisition and processing of dental, otholaryngological and dermatological images. The paper presents the procedure and results of detailed oral mucosa and teeth examination with the use of TBK-1S, and deliberates on desirable improvements of the on-board telemedicine practice.
Key words: informational support, flight biomedical control, onboard telemedicine system TBK-1, onboard dental telemedicine system TBK-1S, BIMS, TBK-1S, medical images.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 13-18.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-13-18
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Perevedentsev O.V., Levanov V.M.,Orlov O.I., Manko O.M., Chernogorov R.V. Application of deep learning of artificial neural networks in monitoring the sight system state in long-duration space missions
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Integration of artificial intelligence in cosmonaut's health monitoring system is a top priority trend in space medicine aimed to enhance crew safety in long-duration space missions.
The cutting-edge diagnostic tools aboard the ISS Russian segment such as digital funduscopy, and optic CT of the retina and optic disk allow of piling up statistics of pre- in- and post-flight examinations for calculating the basic block for AI applications.
Timely detection of visual dysfunctions in autonomous remote space missions with the help of AI algorithms will increase efficiency of prevention and therapy.
Analysis of the experience with convolutional neural networks in ophthalmology suggested a CNW architecture for detecting eye grounds pathologies by DF automatic analysis. A developed binary classifier demonstrated sensitivity, specificity and precision of 88.6%, 85.2% and 87%, respectively.
In remote missions, the healthcare and therapy system should embody the concept of intelligence telemedicine circuit with artificial neural networks being the pivot. Digital ophthalmology with integrated CNW techniques can be useful also for early diagnostics of eye grounds pathologies within the program of exploration crews screening.
Key words: medical support system, funduscopy, convolutional neural network, telemedicine.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 19-22.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-19-22
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Luchitskaya E.S., Funtova I.I., Tank J., Reuter H., Moestl S., Hoffmann F., Honemann J., Rusanov V.B. Measurement of parameters characterizing early vascular aging with the use of oscillometric method during space flight
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The article covers the studies of the vascular wall functioning in cosmonauts using the data of pulse wave velocity as a biomarker of early vascular aging.
The investigations were performed with the use of device Mobilograph twice before launch, every 30 days of 6-month ISS missions and on days 4 and 8 of recovery.
Pulse wave velocity has never exceeded threshold values suggesting that participation in low-Earth orbital missions does not put at risk cardiac health threatening with vascular pathologies. Yet, the conclusion can be premature given the limited potentialities of the method and hardware used in the investigation.
Key words: cardiovascular system, space experiment, central hemodynamics, pulse wave velocity, vascular wall stiffness, cardiovascular aging.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 23-27.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-23-27
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Beke A., Erdos G. Correlation between incidence of X-monosomy and cosmic background radiation
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Objective: Examining the incidence of X-monosomy among chromosomal aneuploidies with relation to cosmic background radiation.
Method: We have processed the results of prenatal chromosome investigations performed in the 26-year period between 1990 and 2015. In the current study, we have paid special attention to abnormalities affecting the fetal sex chromosomes. The incidence of X-monosomy among sex chromosomal aneuploidies was studied in view of the intensity of cosmic background radiation.
Results: In the 26-year period total of 43,272 fetal chromosomal investigations were carried out at our Department. In that period, sex chromosomal abnormality was detected in 230 cases (0.53 %), 92 of which (0.21 %) turned out to be X-monosomies. An uneven incidence ratio of X-monosomy could be observed as producing a wave line. As compared to nearby years, a peak was noted in 1997 (17 cases), somewhat smaller peak involving six cases was observed in 2002, likewise, 2008 yielded another small peak with five cases. Similar curves were obtained when mosaic and non-mosaic forms were studied separately. Based on the above, we looked for a mutagenic effect that could have been present in an explicit form around about the year 1997 and be associated with the higher incidence of X-monosomy in that period. An increase in the intensity of cosmic radiation could be one of those effects. The extremely high rate of chromosomal aberrations in 1997 coincided with the local minimum of the solar flares, therefore solar radiation could not be blamed for those aberrations. At the same time, however is suggestive of a causal relationship between the increase in galactic cosmic background radiation flux and higher incidence of X-monosomy around about 1997.
Conclusions: Examining the incidence of sex chromosome aberrations, with special regard to X-monosomy, we have concluded the latter occurred more frequently during higher cosmic background radiation.
Keywords: chromosome abnormalities, X-monosomy, Turner syndrome, space weather, cosmic background radiation, solar cycles.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 28-33.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-28-33
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Semenov Yu.S., Gorbunova À.À., Diachenko A.I. On variations of human hemodynamic parameters caused by negative pressure breathing during 15-hour head-down tilt
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The cardiovascular reaction to negative pressure breathing (NPB) was studied in human subjects in the condition of 15-hour head-down tilt (-15°).
Amplitude and time characteristics of tidal oscillations of physiological parameters synchronous to free and NPB breathing were measured after 14 hours in HDT. Oscillations of cardiovascular parameters were determined using the coherent averaging technique. A multiple increase in amplitude was stated during transition from free breathing to NPB, whereas variations of the other characteristics of oscillations were little affected.
Key words: negative pressure breathing, intrathoracic pressure, respiratory variations, hemodynamics, HR and BP variations, head-down tilt.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 34-41.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-34-41
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Katuntsev V.P., Sukhostavtseva T.V., Baranov M.V., Kotov A.N., Puchkova A.A., Tarasenkov G.G., Nosovsky À.Ì. Effect of 14-day head up bedrest on orthostatic tolerance in humans
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Effect of 14-day head up bedrest (HUBR) on the human orthostatic tolerance studied with participation of 23 essentially healthy male subjects at the age of 18 to 35 years.
HUBR with the head-end tilted up at +9.6? was to imitate physiological effects of the lunar gravity. Orthostatic tolerance was tested on the day prior to and immediately after HUBR completion with subjects tilted up to +70° for 20 min maximum. The parameters registered before, during and after the tilt test included blood pressure, ECG and heart rate.
In comparison with the baseline testing, HUBR reduced the number of completed tests and increased the number (10 vs. 4) of tests terminated for the reason of precollapse (p < 0.05). The group mean time of OS test tolerance decreased by 3.8 minutes (p < 0.01) and time interval between the test onset and precollapse decreased by 4.7 minutes (p = 0.055). For the most part, orthostatic disorders following HUBR were described as a vasodepressor type hypotension collapse with high activity of the chronotropic function of the heart. Several cases of vagus-mediated HR slowing pointed to a sharp decline of the sympathetic nervous activity which is an important mechanism of hemodynamics regulation in changed postural conditions.
Key words: orthostatic tolerance , head up bedrest, simulated lunar gravity, microgravity.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 42-49.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-42-49
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Pineguin S.A., Dadasheva O.A., Mednikova E.I., Grushina O.A., Spassky A.V., Lebedev V.M., Ionov S.V., Gurieva T.S., Sychev V.N. Effect of attenuated magnetic field on development of the liver and spleen in embryonic japanese quail
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Expectation of remote space missions and long-term stay and work on the Moon with the magnetic field 1,000 times weaker than on Earth sets the researchers the formidable task to investigate effects of the hypomagnetic environment on living organisms.
The paper reports data about the liver and spleen development in Japanese quail embryos of various age exposed in a modeled lunar magnetic field. Retardation of hemopoiesis was observed as in the first generation embryos (F1), so in sequential embryo generations developed in the ordinary magnetic environment (F2).
Key words: attenuation of the Earth's magnetic field in 1,000 times, Japanese quail embryos of different age, sequential generations, histological profiles of the liver and spleen, sites of hemopoiesis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 50-55.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-50-55
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Barantseva M.Yu., Ozerov D.S., Dadasheva O.A. Effect of tail-suspension on levels of pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokins and morphological changes in rat's pulmonary tissues
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Cytokin regulation of local immune reactions in pulmonary tissues (IL-10, IL-4, TGFb1, TNF?), and morphology of the vascular bed and alveolar epithelium of the lung air compartments were studied in a 15-day tail-suspended Wistar male rats with a body mass of 180–200 grams.
Cytokin regulation of the local immunity after suspension was characterized by activation of cell proliferation and differentiation regulator TGF?1 aimed to forestall the inflammatory and auto immune processes and to promote remodeling of the lung epithelial structure and extracellular matrix.
Key words: respiration organs, cytokin regulation, tail-suspension.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 56-60.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-56-60
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Shumilina I.V. Analysis of the use of underwear, clothes and personal hygiene items in the course of experiments within project «SIRIUS»
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For the 17- and 120-day isolation campaigns within project SIRIUS, the stock of personal hygiene items (PHIs), underwear and clothes was supplied in compliance with the current ISS rates of consumption. Over 120 questionnaires filled by the human subjects made possible estimation of the total weight of these provisions in a mission to the Moon, and get feedback about the hygienic means and methods.
The hygienic comfort of 6 crewmembers of the 120-d isolation campaign required more than 500 kg of underwear, bedclothes, towels, personal hygiene items, pieces of toilet and household essentials, which are also musts in a mission to the Moon and back.
Long-duration missions and sojourns on lunar and Mars bases will call for designing arrangements for personal hygiene, shower, dish washing and laundry integrated with regenerative life support systems. Results of the investigation showed effectiveness of the sanitation and hygiene system and its functional significance.
Key words: personal items, isolation, underwear, clothes.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 61-67
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-61-67
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Berkovich Yu.A., Smolianina S.O., Smolianin V.G., Morozov Ya.V., Tarakanov I.G. Technology of mineral nutrition and illumination of crops in a space vegetable greenhouse
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Dependence of Chinese cabbage productivity and nitrate content in eatable biomass on the ammonium and nitrate nitrogen ratio and red light fraction was studied in the context of space greenhouse Vitacycle-T design.
Crops were illuminated by a lighting unit assembled of red and white light-emitting diodes (LEDs) producing the photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) of 400–430 µmol/(m2•ñ) with the ratio of red and white LEDs inputs between 0 and 1.5. The ammonium-nitrate nitrogen ratio in nutrient solutions with stabilized total nitrogen varied from 0 to 1.
Under all tested light spectra the favorable range of ammonium nitrogen makes up 15 to 45 mg/L with the maximum of 25 ± 2 mg/L and total nitrogen at 120 mg/L. Ammonium nitrogen increase above 53–55 mg/L leads to crop inhibition. Concentration of nitrates in eatable biomass did not exceed the permissible levels established for leave vegetables irrespectively of the ammonium-nitrate nitrogen ratio and decreased monotonously as ammonium nitrogen was rising above 10 mg/L.
According to calculation, the Vitacycle-T root-feeding design (cartages of granular mineral-rich ionite BIONA-312? and slow-release fertilizer Osmocote 14-14-14?) is capable to control total nitrogen and ammonium-nitrate nitrogen ratio within the favorable range.
Key words: ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, light spectrum.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 68-74.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-68-74
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Methods
Soldatov S.K., Zelenin A.N., Dragan S.P., Shishov À.À., Zinkin V.N., Bogomolov A.V., Tamilin À.À., Kharitonov V.V. Method of defining the object free zones on close-to-aerodrome territories by the criterion of electromagnetic influence on population and practical experience
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The method of defining the object free zones on close-to-aerodrome territories is calculation based on the data of electromagnetic fields from radio landing aids and air-ground communication stations. The core of it is division of the antenna surface into Huygens wavelets with subsequent summing up the radiation field from all wavelets at a specified point.
The method can be used to construct the lines of equal peak and equivalent EMF strength levels that do not exceed admissible values on their outer boundary and beyond, and to substantiate measures intended to assure sanitary-epidemiological wellbeing on close-to-aerodrome territory.
Key words: close-to-aerodrome territory, setting limits for electromagnetic exposure, radio landing aid, zoning the closoe-to-aerodrome territory.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 55. ¹ 6. P. 75-81.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2021-55-6-75-81
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