CONTENTS
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Yasnetsov V.V., Karsanova S.K., Yasnetsov Vik.V. A new approach to the search for vestibuloprotectors
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| Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 5–12.
The results of experimental clinical testing of the anti-naupathia action of as new compounds, so motion sickness medications (promethazine, ikaron-1 etc.) are presented. Russian medication mexidol, a derivative of 3-hydroxypyridine (3-HP) demonstrated the ability to control motion sickness in humans and animals; however, unlike reference vestibuloprotector scopolamine, it does not practically produce side-effects. Mexidol acts through ion pathways with the involvement of glutamate and GABA-ergic components. Of 9 new 3-HP derivates with an antimotion sickness effect in rats, three exceeded in efficacy mexidol, and also reference medications (i.e. scopolamine and promethazine). Melatonin achieves a better vestiboloprotective effect in rats than promethazine and melatonin-ergic antidepressant agomelatine through the involvement of melatonin MT1-, MT2- and GABAÀ-receptors. Also, combinations of melatonin with mexidol or promethazine possess a distinct vestibuloprotective effect, as melatonin enhances the action of equally mexidol and promethazine. These results and investigations of other authors infer that search for potent vestibuloprotectors should be extended to new 3-HP derivatives and melatoninergic compounds. Individual medications by themselves and in combinations can become a solution to the problem.
Key words: motion sickness, vestibuloprotectors, melatonin, mexidol, promethazine, combinations of medications.
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Kotovskaya A.R., Fomina G.A., Salnikov À.V. Normal values of the major parameters of lower limb veins in Russian cosmonauts prior to flight and in healthy untrained subjects
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 13–18.
The article presents normal values of the major parameters of lower limb veins in cosmonauts during preparations for space flight and volunteers leading a common life. The authors report the results and discuss the causes for differences in normal leg venous parameters in these groups of subjects. Incomparability of measurements made in cosmonauts and common people is demonstrated. Changes in lower limb veins of a cosmonaut in microgravity can be evaluated only relative to his/her normal values of the major venous parameters (capacitance, compliance and filling) before flight.
Key words: space flight, vein, microgravity.
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Noskov V.B., Nichiporuk I.A., Vasilieva G.Yu., Smirnov Yu.I. Human body composition during extended stay in microgravity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 19–25.
According to the Sprut-2 protocol, bio-impedancemetry of ISS cosmonauts was performed once a month and also before and after mission. Multiple non-invasive body measurements were carried out in 15 cosmonauts in real time. Relocation of extracellular liquid along the body axis led to its reduction in legs and, on the contrary, an increase in the abdomen. Volumes of total body liquid as well as intra- and extracellular liquids decreased in comparison with pre-flight levels. Lean body mass also became less in microgravity, whereas fat mass showed an increase.
Key words: space flight, microgravity, bio-impedance analysis, liquid sectors of organism, human body composition.
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Pastushkova L.Kh., Fomina E.V., Lysova N.Yu., Kononikhin À.S., Tiys E.S., Larina I.Ì. Urine protein profile in healthy people following locomotor loading with changing intensity
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 26–31.
The paper analyzes data on how physical exercise as a standard test of cosmonaut’s performance, affects the renal function and urine protein profile. The investigation involved 10 normal human subjects. Following exercise, rate of renal excretion of proteins increased. The occurrence of 4 proteins out of 9 in urine did not alter and of 2 (alpha-methylacyl coenzyme À racemase and cubilin) increased; occurrence of 3 proteins (kallikrein-1, osteopontin and vitamin K-dependent protein Z) decreased. Out of 24 proteins with molecular weights higher than albumin, 7 were detected in urine after exercise more frequently, 6 with same frequency as before the test and none less frequently which demonstrates lowered selectivity of the glomerular barrier during exercise.
Key words: proteinuria, exercise, urine protein profile, chromatography-mass spectrometry of proteins.
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Eremeev À.À., Chebotarev Ì.À., Kuznetsov Ì.V., Baltin M.E., Shenkman B.S. Neuromotor apparatus in the condition of gravitational unloading: central and peripheral effects
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 32–36.
The functioning of central and peripheral structures of the gastrocnemius m. neuromotor apparatus was studied in rats exposed to simulated gravitational unloading. Gastrocnemius reflex (H) and motor (M) responses evoked by electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve were measured after 7, 14, 21 and 35 days of tail-suspension. It was shown that thresholds of registered poitentials went down on all days of testing; the H-amplitude rose during every testing and M-amplitude rose after 35 days of the gravitational unloading. Results of the experiments indicate changes in the functioning of motor centers that modulate properties and characteristics of peripheral neuromotor structures. The observed rearrangements can be caused by reduction of the afferent inflow.
Key words: gravitational unloading, neuromotor apparatus, motor center.
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Dorozhkina Î.V., Ivanov À.À. Cytogenetic investigations of bone marrow cells from mice exposed onboard biosatellite «Bion-M1»
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 37–42.
The results of studying the mitotic activities and chromosomal aberrations in bone marrow cells from C57/BL6N mice with the help of the anaphase technique in 12 hours after completion of the 30-day Bion-M1 mission and ground-based experiment using flight equipment are presented. A statistically reliable decline of the mitotic activity (0.74 %) was found in cells taken from the space flown animals. In the ground-based experiment, a statistically reliable downward trend in proliferative activity (1.37 %) was revealed after the comparison with groups of vivarium control (1.46–1.53 %). In both experiments mice increased the number of initial mitotic phases (prophase + metaphase) relative to the sum of anaphases and telophases. The number of aberrant mitoses grew reliably in the group of flight animals by 29.7 %, whereas in the ground-based experiment an upward trend was insignificant as their number increased up to 2.3 % only. In the vivarium controls aberrant mitoses constituted 1.75–1.8 %. An increase in chromosomal aberrations was largely due to such abnormalities as fragments. These findings seem to have been a result of summation of the effects of radiation and other stressful factors in space flight.
Key words: biosatellite Bion-M1, space flight, mice, bone marrow, aberrant mitoses, mitotic index, mitosis phase, radiation.
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Vasilieva I.N., Bespalov V.G., Zinkin V.N., Podgornaya O.I. Sequencing of low-molecular-weight DNA in blood plasma of irradiated rats
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 43–49.
Extracellular low-molecular-weight DNA in blood of irradiated rats was sequenced for the first time. The screening of sequences in the DDBJ database displayed homology of various parts of the rodent genome. Sequences of low-molecular-weight DNA in rat’s plasma are enriched with G/C pairs and long interspersed elements relative to rat genome. DNA sequences in blood of rats irradiated at the doses of 8 and 100 Gy have marked distinctions. Data of sequencing of extracellular DNA from normal humans and with pathology were analyzed. DNA sequences of irradiated rats differ from the human ones by a wealth of long interspersed elements. This new knowledge lays the foundation for development of minimally invasive technologies of diagnosing the probability of pathology and controlling the adaptive resources of people in extreme environments.
Key words: minimally invasive diagnostics, ionizing radiation, low-molecular DNA, sequencing, nucleosoma, apoptosis, pathology.
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Vorozhtsova S.V., Bulynina Ò.Ì., Molokanov À.G., Ivanov À.À. Cytogenetic damage to the corneal epithelium of mice due to the in vivo exposure to ionizing radiation with different levels of linear energy transfer
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 50–56.
Damages to corneal epithelium cells were studied in mice irradiated by protons with the energies of 10, 25, 50 and 645 MeV, 60Ñî ?-quanta and accelerated ions of boron, carbon and neon with the energies of 7.5; 2.5 and 6.0 MeV/nucleon, respectively. X-rays (180 keV) were used as a standard radiation. Animals were exposed to a single dose in the range from 25 to 760 cGy. The mitotic index and aberrant mitoses were counted in corneal preparations in 24 hrs after irradiation. No matter the type of radiation, the mitotic index had an inverse dose dependence, i.e. the higher the dose, the lower the mitotic index. Exposure to all types of radiation resulted in a sharp increase in the number of chromosomal aberrations in the corneal epithelium; frequency of aberrations was a function of dose and type of radiation. The number of chromosomal aberrations displayed a peculiar direct dose dependence irrespective of type of radiation; however, heavy ions of carbon and boron are the most damaging to the cytogenetic apparatus of epithelial cells. Protons at the Bragg peak and ensuing fall, and of 50 MeV also contribute to the production of chromosomal aberrations as compared with sparsely ionizing gamma- and X-rays and high-energy protons with low linear energy transfer. Coefficients of relative biochemical effectiveness were calculated based on the mitotic index and evidence of aberrant mitosis.
Key words: corneal epithelium, protons, ions of boron, carbon, neon, mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, linear energy transfer, relative biochemical effectiveness.
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Drobyshev S.G., Benghin V.V. Analysis of the importance of cosmonaut’s location and orientation onboard the International space station to levels of visceral irradiation during traverse of the region of the South Atlantic Anomaly
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 57–63.
Parametric analysis of absorbed radiation dose to the cosmonaut working in the Service Module (SM) of the International space station (ISS) was made with allowance for anisotropy of the radiation field of the South Atlantic Anomaly. Calculation data show that in weakly shielded SM compartments the radiation dose to poorly shielded viscera may depend essentially on cosmonaut’s location and orientation relative to the ISS shell. Difference of the lens absorbed dose can be as high as 5 times depending on orientation of the cosmonaut and the ISS. The effect is less pronounced on the deep seated hematopoietic system; however, it may increase up to 2.5 times during the extravehicular activities. When the cosmonaut is outside on the ISS SM side presented eastward, the absorbed dose can be affected noticeably by remoteness from the SM. At a distance less than 1.5 meters away from the SM east side in the course of ascending circuits, the calculated lens dose is approximately half as compared with the situation when the cosmonaut is not shielded by the ISS material.
Key words: radiation field anisotropy in the South Atlantic Anomaly, radiation dose on the International space station.
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Voytsekovskaya S.A., Astafurova T.P., Verkhoturova G.S., Postovalova V.M. Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on the dehydrogenase activities of respiration and photosynthetic metabolism in barley seedlings
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2015. V. 49. ¹ 1. P. 64–69.
Hypobaric hypoxia effects on enzymes of photosynthesis and respiration metabolism were explored in 8-day old seedlings of barley Hordeum vulgare L. in the dark or light. 16-hour exposure in rarified atmosphere that causes reductions of partial pressure of air gases and, consequently, hypobaric hypoxia (Ðair = 8.3 êPà, ðÎ2 = 1.7 êPà, ðÑÎ2 = 0.003 êPà) up-regulated the activities of piruvate kinase, alcohol dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP•N-glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase both in the dark and light. NAD- and NAD-N-malate dehydrogenase activities were down-regulated. Levels of NAD- and NÀD•H- malate dehydrogenases were decreased. Activation of the NADP-malic enzyme activity, invariably high activity of NÀDP-isocitrate dehydrogenase and growth of NÀDP•N- glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase are considered as a mechanism of barley seedlings adaptation to hypobaric hypoxia.
Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., hypobaric hypoxia, respiration metabolism, adaptation, photosynthesis, enzyme activity.
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Information
Polyakov A.V., Bogomolov V.V. The perspective of buildng-up the Emergency medical aid resources on the Russian segment of the International space station
Instructions for authors
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