CONTENTS
Reviews
Kotovskaya A.R. Human tolerance of G-loads in space missions and artificial gravity
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-5-21
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Vinokhodova A.G., Gushchin V.I., Yusupova A.K., Suedfeld P., Johnson Ph.J. Retrospective analysis of interpersonal perception and values of experienced cosmonauts – members of multinational missions to the orbital stations «Mir» and the ISS
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 5. P. 22–30.
The paper reports the results of investigating interpersonal perception by members of multinational space missions. Participants were 20 Russian cosmonauts aged 45 to 66 years who had completed the flight carrier after 1 to 5 missions. An author PSPA-test, a synthesis of the repertory grids and semantic differential, was applied. Content-analysis of the most important personal constructs and S. Schwartz classification were used to assess values. The investigation proved existence of a hierarchy of values specific to the professional culture of cosmonauts and astronauts. Positive ethnic stereotypes or idealization of foreign crew members were peculiar to cosmonauts with a more integrated perception.
Key words: space mission, multinational crew, culture, values, cohesion, interpersonal perception.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-22-30
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Kovalev V.S., Manukovsky N.S., Tikhomirov À.À., Liu Hong, Fu Yuming Modeling of the daily food basket for inclusion in a bioregenerative life support system in a lunar outpost
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 5. P. 31–35.
Computer modeling was undertaken to compose the daily food basket (DFB) from 41 potential plant and animal products for a bioregenerative life support system (BLSS). The modeling had the objectives to define the number of products (PN) in DFB and to estimate maximal coefficient of autonomy (AC): a ratio between mass of products produced in BLSS and total food mass. Maximal AC of 0.9885 was reached due to DFB containing 21 foodstuffs. Increase and reduction of PN decreased AC equally. PN reduction to 13 with AC = 0.9340 did not infringe nutritional standards. Inclusion of all potential products was possible with AC = 0.9702.
Key words: bioregenerative life support system, daily food basket, nutrient, modeling, coefficient of autonomy, number of products.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-31-35
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Stepanpova G.P., Davydov B.V., Krivitsyna Z.A., Stepanova K.Yu., Degterenkova N.V., Pasekova O.B. Blood indices of energy metabolism and mineral turnover during bicycle ergometry of untrained men and trained weightlifters
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 5. P. 36–39.
Physical training is a critical element of preparation for orbital missions. Our work was aimed at comparative evaluation of human body adaptability to physical loading (bicycle ergometry, BE) based on the indices of energy metabolism (glucose, kreatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, lactate) and mineral turnover (phosphorus, magnesium) in untrained male subjects (n = 10) and athletes (weightlifters, n = 10). Capillary blood from finger was analyzed with dry chemistry. Following the exercise, lactate concentrations grew high in the untrained subjects and moderately in weightlifters; lactate dehydrogenase was high in both groups. The exercise did not change phosphorus and magnesium levels in either group. The kreatine phosphokinase activity increased in the weightlifters and did not change in the untrained subjects. After BE, the untrained subjects were found to decrease glucose, whereas the weightlifters did not change this parameter. Conclusion: regular heavy physical loading has a negative effect on human body adaptability and should be taken into consideration in the process of pre-flight crew preparation.
Key words: adaptation, bicycle ergometry, energy and mineral metabolism, dry chemistry, untrained male subjects, weightlifters.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-36-39
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Barantseva M.Yu., Klochkova S.V., Alekseeva N.T., Nikitiuk D.B., Tutelian V.A., Kvaratskheliya À.G., Mukhamedieva L.N. Anatomical and morphologic characteristics of group lymphoid nodes in the small bowel of mice after an exposure to ionizing radiation modeling interplanetary missions
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 5. P. 40–46.
Structural properties of group lymphoid nodes from male mice F1 (CBA x C57/BL6, initial age 30–35 days, initial mass 20–23 g) were examined in different periods of a 63-d radiation exposure and 90-d post-exposure. Animals were ?-irradiated on 137Cs source GÎBO-60. Dose rate amounted to 25 cGy/h. Mice received 350 cGHy total from fractionated irradiation by 50 cGy per a week over 10 weeks.
Structural effects in lymphoid patches observed already on day 36 of exposure included decreases in patch length and width, and diminution of patch area in the bowel wall longitudinal section. These changes became more manifested with dose accumulation. The lymphoid tissue of the bowel group nodes showed the recreational ability. Recovery processes were active on day 28 after the exposure when size of patches, number and size of lymphoid nodes and percentage of nodes with the germinal center were factually similar to control. Cellular content of the lymphoid tissue on post-exposure day 28 also did not differ from the recovery of typical intercellular associations in the control.
Key words: group lymphoid nodes, space flight factors, radiation exposure.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-40-46
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Salnikov N.A., Bobe L.S., Kochetkov À.À., Sinyak Yu.Å. Regeneration of sanitary/hygienic water onboard future space stations
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 5. P. 47–54.
Washing water regeneration system (WWRS) on future space stations is likely to be designed as an independent closed circuit for multiple use of water regenerated after crew washing, and laundry. At present time, WWRS and regeneration process appear to be the least worked up. The article reports the results of experimental testing of reverse osmosis capacity to regenerate water containing one of commonly used liquid antibacterial detergents. Regeneration in the circulation mode takes place in a tank of fixed sizes; reversed osmotic (RO) filtration is followed by additional sorption; multistaged water disinfection goes on as in the course of treatment, so during storage. The RO filtration technology met the requirements for water purity from pollutants and the detergent and microbial growth prevention both in the system and regenerated water; maximum output water was achieved at a reasonable energy expenditure. The main objective of further efforts will be designing and testing a system prototype for testing with the use of washing and cleaning equipment.
Key words: life support system, wash water, regeneration, reversed osmosis.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-47-54
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Gurieva T.S., Dadasheva Î.À., Ezdakova M.I., Spasskiy A.V., Lebedev V.M., Trukhanov K.A., Mednikova E.I., Grushina Î.À. Study of the effect of a weakened geomagnetic field and its combination with a low-frequency magnetic field on the embryonic development of Japanese quails
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 5. P. 55–62.
The paper describes experiments on the effects of a weakened magnetic field (MF) on embryonic development of Japanese quails. It was shown that incubation of quail eggs in 100 to 1.000 times weakened MF over 7 and 14 days induced grave disorders in the embryonic cardiovascular system, as well as in morphology and functioning of individual organs. There is a direct dependence of the quail embryonic development and appearance of anatomic and morphologic abnormalities on the level of MF attenuation. Maximal impact on angiogenesis and incidence of embryonic organ pathologies have been brought about by incubation in 1.000 times weakened MF. Some functional disorders in systems and organs were incompatible with life. These findings confirm and expand the existing literary data about the negative consequences of hypomagnetic environments for developing organism.
Key words: hypomagnetic environment, Japanese quail embryogenesis, yolk bag vessels, chorioallantois, angiogenesis.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-55-62
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Kvaratskheliya A.G., Klochkova S.V., Alekseeva N.T., Tutelian V.A., Nikitiuk D.B., Mukhamedieva L.N.
Morphologic changes in mesenteric lymph nodes of mice in the period of rehabilitation after completion of prolonged combined radiation and chemical exposure
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 5. P. 63–69
Structural properties of mesenteric lymph nodes from male mice F1 (CBA x C57/BL6, initial age 30–35 days and mass 20–23 g) were examined in different periods of 63-d radiation exposure and 90-d post-exposure. Animals were exposed to ?-radiation on 137Cs source GÎBO-60. Dose rate amounted to 25 cGy/h. Mice received 350 cGHy total from fractionated irradiation by 50 cGy per a week over 10 weeks. During subsequent 70 days the mice were subjected to chemical effects of acetone, acetaldehyde and ethanol vapors according to the experimental procedure adopted at IBMP. Purpose was to examine morphology of mesenteric lymph nodes over the period of 3-m mice recovery from the prolonged combined radiation and chemical exposure. Longitudinal histologic sections of 5–7 µm in thickness were stained by hematoxyin-esosin according to Van Gieson. On exposure completion it was found that size of mesenteric lymph nodes was decreased and so were length, width and areas of lymphoid nodes; capsules and trabecules of lymph nodes grew in thickness, lymph sinuses expanded and Billroth's strands narrowed. Cell composition of the lymphoid tissue recovered only by day 90, when percentages of lymphocytes, lymphoblasts, macrophagocytes, plasmocytes and degenerating cells were similar to controls.
Key words: mesenteric lymph nodes, space flight factors, irradiation, chemical exposure.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-63-69
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Methods
Solovieva Z.O., Skedina Ì.À., Ilyin V.K. Use of cytocentrifuge to prepare microbial smears for automated analysis of microbial cell images
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Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2017. V. 51. ¹ 5. P. 70–73
Quality of microbial suspension is a determining factor for successful laboratory diagnostics. The quality criterion is a monolayer and uniform suspension distribution on the slide. Our goal was to choose an optimal volume of microbial suspension and centrifugation protocol that would produce uniform monolayers of cytocentrifugates (UMCs). The experiment was performed in centrifuge DiffSpin 2 (model 701-22, StatSpin, USA) designed for preparation of peripheral blood samples.
We tested 7 protocols recommended by the centrifuge manufacturer. Standard procedures were applied to fixate and stain UMFs for assessment of their appearance under immersion microscope (objective 100õ), and automatic screening. Based on the results, microbial smears fill a certain UMFs surface in an identically uniform thin layer. Quality of UMFs was analyzed by microscopy. The choice fell on protocol 6 (100 µl sample) as it provides the most suitable smears for automated analysis.
UMFs produced with the chosen protocol and sample volume are standard monolayer smears of microbial suspension acceptable for automated cell image analysis.
Key words: cytocentrifuge, cytocentrifugates, microbial suspension, microbial smear, automated microbial cell image analysis.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2017-51-5-70-73
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