CONTENTS
Reviews
Nemirovskaya T.L., Sharlo Ê.À. Regulation of calcium metabolism in skeletal muscles during functional unloading
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Lowering or full stopping of the skeletal muscles contraction activities leads to atrophy of the muscle fibers and loss of performance. These changes affect the life quality of people who for one or another reason are faced with a limited ability to move. Among the key triggers of events in regulation responsible for the changes due to low muscle activity (disuse) is disturbance of calcium homeostasis and consequent build up of Ca deposits in the fiber myoplasm. The review is devoted to analysis of causes for Ca homeostasis disturbance, including macroergic phosphate accumulation, by the muscle disuse. The authors hypothesize a mechanism regulating the SERCA and IP3-receptors and their role in myoplasmic Ca deposit during functional unloading of muscles.
Key words: SERCA, calcium, skeletal muscles, functional unloading.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 5-14.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-5-14
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Gavrishin A.I., Ivanov I.V. Factors of potential hazard of regolith microelement composition to the health of future settlers on the Moon
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The paper gives quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the lunar soil microelements, and potential hazard to the health of future Moon settlers. Chemical composition of regoliths from 4 lunar regions was analyzed and compared to terrestrial soil clarkes. Object of the investigation was regolith samples obtained from the mare regions in the missions of Luna-16, -24 and Apollo-11, -12. It was found that concentrations of microelements Cr, Ni, Co, Be, Sc, Y, Au, Ag as well as the majority of lanthanides were much higher than in terrestrial soils. The direct contact with high concentration of these elements is likely to endanger the health of settlers on the Moon.
Key words: space mission, Moon exploration, lunar soil, regolith, microelements, cosmonauts, spacesuit, health.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 14-25.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-14-25
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Kapustina E.A., Titov E.A., Novikov Ì.À. Genotoxicity of metal-containing nanoparticles
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No more than 100 nm large, nanoparticles (NPs) are distinguished by unusual mechanical, electrical, optical, thermal and magnetic properties. They are used in biology, pharmacology, medicine, chemistry, physics, materials technology and engineering industry. Nanoparticles penetrate in organism through the skin, GIT and airways. Their genotoxicity depends on size, form, mode of action and composition. Two principal mechanisms of NPs genotoxicity are primary and secondary. The primary mechanism is realized in direct interaction with the genome; the secondary mechanism is achieved through mediation of the active forms of oxygen. NPs can modulate the epigenome by altering the gene functions and do not change the DNA sequence directly. Consequences of prolonged exposure to low NPs doses on the human organism still remain uninvestigated.
Key words: metal-containing nanoparticles, genotoxicity, NPs properties, epigenetics.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 26-31.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-26-31
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Bubeev Yu.A., Usov V.M., Kryuchkov B.I., Oboznov A.A., Mikhailyuk M.V., Zhelonkin V.I. Virtual prototyping of helicopter-type spacecraft radar landing for understanding when cosmonauts may take a decision to land a lunar module manually
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The paper presents a computer toolset to simulate situations in which a cosmonaut has to decide on whether to choose an automated or vision assisted manual landing. A computer experiment was designed to reproduce lunar landscapes observed by cosmonauts from the landing module. Methodology of the virtual prototyping of landing on to the Moon was formulated in terms of visual environment mapping to the information need of cosmonauts. The mission critical point of decision-making on how to control landing was specified. Analysis of vertical takeoff and landing of both piloted and automatic space vehicles made possible description of navigation in low visibility, and substantiation of the use of 2D/3D synthetic vision systems in simulation of manual landing a helicopter-type vehicle in low visibility.
Key words: lunar lander, vertical takeoff and landing vehicles, contingency, virtual reality, manual control, synthetic and enhanced vision systems.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 32-46.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-32-46
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Ilyin E.A., Larina I.M., Nosovsky À.Ì. Adenocortical and sympathoadrenal systems, energy metabolism substrates in human blood during one-year's exposure in hypobaric hypoxic, hypokinesia and isolation
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Year-long life on Antarctic scientific station Vostok was characterized by exposure to the physiologically important factors including hypobaric hypoxia (Ð = 460 mm Hg) due to the location on the Central Ice Sheet, hypokinesia due to staying indoor most of the time because of very low temperatures outdoors, physical and social isolation from the world.
The paper attempts to define which of these factors determined the human body stress-reaction and energy metabolism. Venous plasma samples were periodically gathered for analysis from 16 members of the 13th Soviet Antarctic expedition to the station Vostok in 1968. Members of the expedition were divided into 2 groups. One group was experimental, i.e. intermittently consumed anti-asthenia amino acid and vitamin supplements and psychoactive drugs, and the other was the placebo control.
The investigation showed that in the course of the year-long existence in the extreme environment the averaged levels of 11-oxicorticosteroids and adrenergic compounds were elevated while the noradrenergic levels were at the bottom margins of their normal ranges. Averaged values of blood glucose and total cholesterol were well within the range of normal variations.
Anti-asthenia supplements mitigated the chronic stress and did not disturb energy metabolism.
Key words: 11-oxicorticosteroids, adrenergic and noradrenergic compounds, chronic hypoxia, hypokinesia, isolation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 47-54.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-47-54
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Rozanov I.A., Kuznetsova P.G., Savinkina A.O., Shved D.M., Ryumin O.O., Tomilovskaya E.S., Gushchin V.I. Psychological support using virtual reality in a study with three-day dry immersion
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Usability and validity of a based on virtual reality (VR) psychological support program were tested in a 3-day dry immersion study with participation of female subjects. Test results advocate that VR can be beneficial for managing the psychophysiological reactions in the period of acute adaptation to dry immersion.
Key words: psychological support, virtual reality, 3-day dry immersion, female subjects, study Naiad-2020.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 55-61.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-55-61
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Ilyin V.K., Komissarova D.V., Usanova N.A., Morozova Yu.A., Starkova L.V., Khizhnyak S.V. Microflora investigations of professional test-subjects and volunteers in long-term chamber studies
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We undertook analysis of archival diaries from the IBMP isolation studies performed in the time period from 1980 to 1990 with participation of main (MT) and visiting (VT) teams. The purpose was to evaluate how the stay of visiting teams changed the pharyngonasal and intestinal microbiocinoses of main teams exposed to prolonged isolation. According to the analysis, the VT arrival at the time MT acute adaptation unbalanced the pharyngal microbiota of the latter. By the time of the second VT arrival, MT had been adapted well to the chamber environment. At the end of isolation, stability of the pharyngal microflora had been compromised a little and negative changes prevailed; however, there was no reliable difference between MT and VT members.
Analysis of the intestinal eubiotic index calculated for MT and VT members showed that MT microflora was more resistant to the isolation stress-factors. Indeed, the eubiotic index was invariably higher in the main teams at all the isolation periods. It is noteworthy that during acute adaptation the intestinal microflora displayed some transitory instability in the MT members. A slight growth of the eubiotic index in VT members suggested a more rapid adjustment to the environmental stresses.
Key words: microbiology, isolation studies, acute adaptation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 62-67.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-62-67
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Golubkova Ì.À., Ogneva I.V. Effect of modeled microgravity on the level of mRNA genes encoding the cytoskeletal proteins and histone acetylation in Drosophila melanogaster ovaries
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Maintenance of the human reproductive health is vital in context of preserving living species in remote space missions. Changes in the gene expression due to microgravity can lead to degradation of fertility; however, the mechanism that triggers these changes is not fully understood.
In our investigation we determined mRNA levels in the prime cytoskeletal proteins and analyzed histone methylation and acetylation activities in Drosophila melanogaster ovaries during 79-hr microgravity modeled with the use of a random positioning machine (RPM), and per os introduction of essential phospholipids.
The results showed that the fruit flies exposure to modeled microgravity over the entire oogenesis cycle increased levels of mRNA genes encoding the cytoskeletal proteins in oocytes and that this can be, probably, associated with increased acetylation of the histone H3 Lys9 and Lys27. Essential phospholipids seem to prevent growth and/or initiate mRNA reductions in the majority of cytoskeleton elements in the flies exposed to modeled microgravity; however, the tubulin and lamin B binding proteins increased in the respective controls. Essential phospholipids leveled histone 3 Lys9 acetylation in modeled microgravity but enhanced Lys27 acetylation in the control.
Key words: microgravity, oogenesis, cytoskeleton, histone post-translational modifications, acetylation, Drosophila melanogaster.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 68-75.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-68-75
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Kharin S.A., Deshevaya E.A., Fialkina S.V., Guridov À.À., Polianskaya A.B., Dymova À.À., Osipova P.D., Poddubko S.V. Studies of the resistance of «terrestrial» and «space» Bacillus licheniformis strains to the extreme spaceflight factors
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The paper presents the results of studying resistance of spores from «terrestrial» and «space» Bacillus licheniformis strains to antimicrobial agents, ultraviolet and radiation.
It was established that the resistance of «space» strains to the influence of these extreme factors was noticeably more than for "terrestrial" strains. The most probable explanation of the stronger resistance of «space» strains can be genetic changes aimed to activate intracellular adaptive mechanisms preserved in succeeding generations. Spores from B. licheniformis 24 strain isolated from the ISS environment and exposed to the outer space as part of the EXPOSE-R2 experiment were found to have weakened resistance to antimicrobial agents in subsequent generations. Some of the «space» strains showed the ability to survive exposure to high doses of pulsed UV (1 kJ/m2) and ionizing radiation (20 kGy).
Key words: space flight, spore-forming bacteria, spore resistance, antimicrobial agents, ultraviolet , radiation.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 76-85.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-76-85
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Malyutin Å.V., Siksin V.V., Schegolev I.Yu. Testing polymer materials modified with the use of boron carbide  4Ñ for radiation protection
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Novel material Tivarobor, an ultra-high-molecular polyethylene (UHMP) containing B4C nanoparticles, was tested for the ability to attenuate neutrons and ?-quants.
Attenuations of orthogonal prompt neutrons and ?-quants established based on ambient dose measurements were compared with calculations. Digital radiography detector (DRD) was used for regular electron beam targeting at a DRD water phantom. Good agreement of attenuations was confirmed on two accelerators. The authors discuss the composite materials technology and Tivarobor applicability in radiation therapy and onboard manned spacecrafts.
Key words: ultra-high-molecular polyethylene, boron carbide B4C, water phantom, digital radiography detector, composite protective material, attenuation factor, ambient dose equivalent rate (DER).
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 86-92.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-86-92
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Chronicle and Information
Orlov O.I., Belakovskiy M.S., Levinskikh M.A., Kussmaul A.R., Lekai L.L., Voloshin O.V., Sakharova A.B. The experience of outreach activities and popularization of the russian space biology and medicine at the IBMP RAS
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Objectively assessing the contribution of outreach activities and the popularization of scientific achievements in the development of modern society, the Institute of Biomedical Problems has been actively working in this direction for many years. Effective interaction of the Institute with Russian and foreign mass media is being implemented. Much attention is paid to maintaining Internet resources and pages in social networks. Publication activity (preparation and printing of informational articles, booklets, books, etc.) makes it possible to acquaint a wide range of readers with the achievements of space biology and medicine. A significant amount of work is carried out on the organization of exhibitions (both innovative technologies and museum and educational). The Institute pays much attention to the formation of educational content and lecture activities. An important area is the development of cooperation with public organizations in the field of cosmonautics. The Institute widely uses not only traditional and customary methods in this work, but also develops and applies new approaches, technological and methodological techniques.
Key words: popularization of scientific activities, exhibition activity, outreach activity, interaction with the media
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2021. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 93-106.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-93-106
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Galichiy V.A., Stepanova S.I. K.E. Tsiolkovsky and A.L. Chizhevsky – pioneers and enthusiasts of space biology researches
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Relatively recently, the concept of the unity of the space, biosphere and humans has become a subject matter of serious scientific researches. The concept was put forward by Russian scholars and thinkers among which the seat of honor is occupied by K.E. Tsiolkovsky and A.L. Chizhevsky. Both researchers were concerned in how the space is related to its greatest creation – life and its meaning on the scale of the Universe. Their works were largely devoted to theoretical and experimental studies of these issues. Both of them accepted the broad spread of extraterrestrial life forms and close dependence of the global Earth's eco-system (biosphere) on space effects.
Now there is good reason to assert that the ideas of A.L. Chizhevsky and K.E. Tsiolkovsky had a fundamental role in establishment of space biology as a new branch of science.
Key words: space, life, biosphere, space flight, space radiation, aeroions, space biology.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2022. V. 56. ¹ 1. P. 107-116.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2022-56-1-107-116
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Orlov O.I., Baranov V.M. 75th birthday of Mark Samuilovich Belakovsky
P. 117
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