CONTENTS
Reviews
Kovrov G.V., Vlasova A.V., Isaeva O.N. Clinico-physiological characteristics of sleep in the conditions of space flight
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Sleep disorders carry the risk to health and safety of cosmonauts during space missions. The review considers the data about incidence, mechanisms and strategies for sleep disorders management based on analysis of the evidence collected in the NASA shuttles and ISS missions.
It was shown that up to 94 % crew members experience sleep disorders and use sleeping drugs quite often. Key changes in the sleep structure include shortening of the REM and deep sleep, and total sleep duration. The main contributing factors are microgravity, desynchronization of circadian rhythms, noise, stresses and heavy workload.
The present sleep management strategies consist of the work-rest schedule optimization, nonmedication methods and drugs. In future, the central role will be played by innovative technologies of the functional activities diagnostics integrated into the sleep-wakefulness cycle and maintaining adequate efficiency of crews in remote space missions, such as to the Moon and Mars.
Key words: sleep, dizziness, space mission, work-rest schedule.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 5-12.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-5-12
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Bubeev Yu.A., Ivanov A.V., Polyakov A.V., Ryumin O.O., Karpov A.A., Kashevnik A.M., Usov V.M. Creating data sets for training artificial neural networks to detect fatigue by voice based on the results of simulated modeling of continuous activities and sleep deprivation in isolation studies
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Medical monitoring of ISS crews shows that intense work-rest schedule leading to sleep shortening and irregular workload puts at risk professional reliability of the crew. These points to the necessity to expand application of non-contact technologies for monitoring crew performance. One of the most promising methods is vocal fatigue detection with the use of neural networks (NN). We intend to design, verify and annotate domestic datasets (NN DS).
Simulation of intense crew work in the IBMP isolation studies provides a good opportunity to test innovative health monitoring instruments, including NN DS.
Analytical investigation resulted in an evidence base that characterizes the ground model of crew in the condition of controlled continuous performance and sleep deprivation as the way to design DS for training of vocal fatigue detection NN. There is a probability that NN DS will be used for medical monitoring in future remote missions.
Key words: long-term piloted missions, ISS, crew performance monitoring, isolation studies, work research models, speech-based fatigue recognition, neural networks, datasets.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 13-30.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-13-30
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Perevedentsev Î.V., Chernogorov R.V. Use of neural network linguistic models for data registration within the system of remote medical monitoring
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The paper describes an optional virtual assistant that uses local NN linguistic models integrated into the system of remote medical monitoring.
Local small linguistic models showed a positive effect in context of giving answers in user’s language and ensuring data confidentiality, processing flexibility, and reliability.
Key words: big linguistic model, artificial neural network, remote medical monitoring, telemedicine.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 31-36.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-31-36
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Ilyin V.K., Solovieva Z.O., Skedina Ì.À., Krivonogov I.À. Investigation of microflora of various biotopes from cosmonauts on long-term missions using the automated analysis software
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Monitoring cosmonauts’ microbial status during space missions (SM) is a central issue of space medicine. Our purpose is to investigate microflora biotopes of cosmonauts on long-term missions using automated analysis software.
Investigations were performed as a part of the regular clinical-physiological examination of cosmonauts. Samples were collected from 6 Russian male crew members at the age of 35 to 54 years on L-45, L-0, F-7, R-0 and R-7. We investigated 12 biotopes. Samples were stored in vials inside the standard kit. On delivery to the microbiological laboratory, preprocessed smears were gram-stained and analyzed using software for quantification of labeled microbes. Prior to microscopy (1000õ) the smears were immersed in oil. Data of the automated analyses and standard bacteriological method were compared.
Results showed that microbial contamination of the biotopes increased during missions. Data of the automated software analysis and bacteriological method were within the same range. It means that diagnostics of dysbiotics shifts in microbial biotopes of cosmonauts can be performed without isolation of pure microbiological cultures.
Key words: space mission, cosmonaut, smear, microflora, automated analysis.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 37-42.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-37-42
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Kurbanova O.E., Gainutdinova E.A., Glagoleva S.Î., Tomilovskaya E.S. Implementation of a coordiniation task in the condition of support and motor unloading (dry immersion)
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The paper presents the results of a study on static and dynamic tremor during the performance of a visuomotor task under conditions of 14-day support and motor unloading using Dry Immersion model (DI).
The study involved 8 male volunteers aged 22 to 41 years (M ± SD: 32 ± 5.9 years), with body mass ranging from 61 to 81 kg (M ± SD: 72 ± 4.9 kg), and body length from 169 to 185 cm (M ± SD: 178.2 ± 5.3 cm). The tremor assessment method employed was contact tremometry using a specialized coordination meter integrated into the NS-Psychotest computer system (Neurosoft, Russia). To assess static tremor, participants were required to hold a stylus within apertures of 9, 6, and 5 mm in diameter without touching the walls. To assess dynamic tremor, participants were required to traverse a labyrinth as accurately as possible without touching its walls, first from left to right and then from right to left, without removing the stylus from the labyrinth area.
The results demonstrated a reduction in the number of contacts during both types of tremor assessment under immersion exposure, indicating improved task performance. During the post-DI recovery period, a temporary deterioration in both dynamic and static tremor parameters was observed. This study is the first to investigate hand tremor under simulated microgravity conditions using Dry Immersion model.
Key words: coordination, tremor, Dry Immersion, proprioceptive feedback, visuomotor task.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 43-53.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-43-53
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Osetsky N.Yu., Kurdanov Kh.A., Kurdanova M.Kh., Konstantinova N.A., Artamonov A.A. Study and modeling of the influence of high-altitude factors on the epidemiology of chronic non-infectious diseases and adaptation of the model to the problems of space physiology and medicine
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The aim of this study was to assess the burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in populations living in high-altitude regions using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD 2023) project and to examine the impact of hypoxia and climatic factors on the cardiorespiratory system.
A secondary analysis of GBD 2023 data (JACC, 2025) was conducted, covering 204 countries for the period 1990–2023. DALYs, mortality, prevalence, and the structure of modifiable risk factors were examined. Particular attention was paid to regions that partially overlap with high-altitude areas (Central Asia, the Andean region, and East Africa).
In 2023, CVD remained the leading cause of global mortality (19.2 million deaths) and disability (437 million DALYs). The largest contributors were ischemic heart disease (193 million DALYs) and stroke (157 million DALYs). Modifiable risks account for 79.6 % of the cardiovascular disease burden, primarily high systolic blood pressure (223 million DALYs), dietary risks, elevated LDL cholesterol, and air pollution. High-altitude regions are characterized by the combined effects of hypoxia, temperature fluctuations, and limited access to healthcare, which increases the risks of hypertension and pulmonary hypertension.
Populations in high-altitude regions have a unique cardiovascular risk profile, determined by a combination of environmental stressors and metabolic disorders, partially overlapping with the risks considered in space medicine. Targeted programs for hypertension screening, metabolic disease prevention, and air pollution control are needed in mountainous areas.
Keywords: cardiovascular disease, high altitude, hypoxia.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 54-61.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-54-61
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Nekto À.À., Sabodash V.B., Savinkina À.Î., Levando Ê.Ê. Investigation of psychic performance and psychophysiological state of polar explorers in the autonomous wintering conditions of the 69th russian antarctic expedition on station «Vostok»
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Analysis of psychic adaptation and performance of polar explorers during extended isolation was fulfilled. Object of the investigation was members of the 69th Russian Antarctic expedition who wintered on station «Vostok» in 2024. The sample consisted of 6 out of 15 members. Methods of the investigation included cognitive tests, speech acoustic analysis and mood assessment automated software.
It was shown that negative emotions (irritation, anxiety, fatigue, depression) impacted executive functions. Elevated speech loudness and voice tension associated with mood downshift and increased number of errors attest the possibility to use speech traits in diagnostics and forecasting mental performance. Despite a considerable individual variety of adaptative processes, the participants largely demonstrated the strategy of less rapid but accurate decisions. High negative emotions increased impulsivity and number of errors. In the period of polar night and at its completion there were temporal peaks of negative moods representing the third quarter phenomenon.
These results are practically important for monitoring and improvement of the psychological support to long-term missions in isolation, confinement, and extreme environments.
Key words: Antarctica, polar expedition, emotional condition, cognitive performance, speech acoustic analysis, third quarter phenomenon.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 62-70.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-62-70
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Vilesov G.P., Kashirina D.N., Pastushkova L.Kh., Kononikhin A.S., Nikolaev E.N., Larina I.M. Comparative analysis of the proteomic profiles of plasma, dried spots of capillary and venous blood
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The paper presents comparative analysis of proteomic profiles of plasma and dried spots of capillary and venous blood.
Blood samples collected from 12 normal volunteers were analyzed using mass spectrometry. To fulfill functional interpretation, the identified proteins were distributed into the biological processes groups (Gene Ontology) with the use of STRING and simplifyEnrichment software.
Proteomic analysis detected 661 proteins in the dried capillary blood spots, 662 proteins in the venous blood spots and 323 proteins in plasma. Common nucleus consisting of 225 proteins was present in all 3 types of samples. simplifyEnrichment identified 9 clusters in plasma and 8 clusters in the dried blood spots. The most frequent processes in the dried blood spots were metabolism, response, homeostasis and leucocytic regulation. Lipid exchange and extracellular matrix formation dominated in plasma. Common proteins participated mostly in activation of the complement, humoral immune response and defense reaction (FDR < 0.05).
Analysis showed quantitative and functional similarity of the capillary and venous blood proteomes. The dried blood spots contained protein components associated with the fundamental physiological processes typical of the plasma proteome. In view of the less invasive sampling, absence of the need to freeze and store, dried blood spots are an informative alternative to the plasma for proteomic monitoring of humans, including space crews.
Key words: proteomic analysis, proteins, dried blood spots, plasma.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 71-81.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-71-81
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Lemeshko Y.V., Fomina Å.V., Goubkin S.V., Melnikov I.I., Romanov P.V., Burakova À.À., Ganicheva À.À., Senatorova N.À., Bakhtereva V.D., Kokueva Ì.À. Heart rate variability at rest as a predictor of initiation of ventilation thresholds and metabolic adaptation to physical loading: personalized approach
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The paper deals with the study of interactions between the heart rate variability (HRV) indices at rest and occurrence of key metabolic events in the course of progressive physical loading, i.e. the first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilation thresholds and time to the peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak).
Analysis was performed within international 12-mo. isolation study SIRIUS-23. Sample (6 test-subjects (2 men and 4 women) at the age of 26 to 38 years) executed a bicycle ergometry protocol that included the stages of rest, warm-up, incremental loading and recovery. Parameters measured during the test were HRV temporal and spectral indices at rest (SDNN, RMSSD, pNN50, LF, HF, LF/TP, HF/TP), and mean heart rate at rest (HRm). Gass exchange parameters (VO2, VCO2, VE/VO2, VE/VCO2) were registered in parallel to calculate VT1, VT2, and VO2peak according to the standard criteria. Since emphasis was placed on personified analysis, participants were distributed into the groups by the level of parasympathetic activity (HF) and specific patterns of correlation were determined using both the parametric (Pearson) and nonparametric (Spearman) methods.
Our results demonstrate that global analysis of the whole sample is not sufficient for understanding the complicacy of adaptation mechanisms, whereas distribution into the groups reveals two fundamentally different profiles of vegetative adaptation and confirms the hypothesis about the validity of personified approach.
Key words: heart rhythm variability, ventilation thresholds, physical loading, spectral analysis, ergospirometry, metabolic adaptation, personalized approach.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 82-90.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-82-90
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Kim À.Å., Zaitseva I.P., Zaitsev Î.N., Ganapolsky V.P., Shustov E.B. Specifics of orthostatic stability regulation in essentially healthy people during hypoxia
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Professional activities of an essentially healthy person can be limited by low resistance to different factors including oxygen deficit, and responses of body systems to a changed spatial position. Purpose of this work is to explore physiological mechanisms of orthostatic stability weakening in healthy people under moderate hypoxia.
The investigation with 135 normal volunteers was aimed to study hemodynamic indices of orthostatic stability under normoxia and moderate hypobaric hypoxia (at 3 500, 4 500, 5 000 and 6 000 m). Balance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic regulations and central hemodynamics were determined during the 3-min active orthostatic test.
It was shown that high orthostatic stability in the normoxic condition predicts its high level in the hypoxic condition. Stroke volume appeared to be responsive to the orthostatic test, while heart rate was particularly responsive to hypoxia. Interaction between the hypoxic and orthostatic factors manifested itself through pulse pressure variability.
To conclude, hypoxia does not provoke orthostatic hypotension in healthy people. Detriment of orthostatic stability results from development of the astheno-vegetative syndrome.
Key words: orthostatic test, vegetative nervous system, hypobaric hypoxia, de-adaptation conditions, orthostatic stability, neurocirculatory asthenia.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 91-100.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-91-100
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Yasnetsov V.V. Effect of new nicotinamide derivatives on the hippocampus in animals
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Experiments with survival slices of rat’s hippocampus showed that new nicotinamide derivatives LKhT 8-22 and LKhT 12-22 at 5 mM inhibited the orthodromic population responses in ÑÀ1 by 91 ? 2 % and 72 ? 4 %, respectively. Comparison drug mexicor (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate, 5 mÌ) also inhibited the responses by 55 ±4 %. Evidence of the LKhT 8-22 and LKhT 12-22 effect exceeded that of mexicor 1.7 and 1.3 times, respectively. LKhT 8-22 excelled LKhT 12-22 1.3 times. Competitive AMPA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX; 1 µÌ) attenuated the LKhT 8-22 depressing effect 1.2 times more than LKhT 12-22 (89 ± 2 % and 77 ± 3%, respectively). In presence of L-glutamate (0.75 Ì) LKhT 8-22 è LKhT 12-22 (5 mÌ) inhibited the evoked responses of neurons by 87 ± 1 % and 79 ± 2 %, respectively. Yet, CNQX attenuated this effect of LKhT 8-22 1.1 times more than of LKhT 12-22 (by 90 ± 1 % and 83 ± 2 %, respectively). Consequently, LKhT 8-22 and LKhT 12-22 inhibit the synaptic transmission within the Schaffer collaterals – ÑÀ1 pyramidal neurons. Both compounds produce the glutamatergic effect, LKhT 8-22 particularly. Action of these new compounds is realized by means of the AMPA glutamate receptors mainly (LKhT 8-22) or principally (LKhT 12-22). We may surmise that the hippocampus is the key player in realization of the central action of these new compounds.
Key words: new nicotinamide derivatives, population responses, evoked responses, L-glutamate, AMPA glutamate receptors, hippocampus, rats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 4. P. 101-105
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-4-101-105
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Chronicle and Information
Belakovskiy M.S., Kussmaul A.R., Voloshin O.V., Baranov V.M. The anniversary of the Intercosmos program: from international crews to space medicine standards
Fomina E.V., Agaptseva T.N., Kussmaul A.R., Belakovskiy M.S.24th symposium of the international academy of astronautics «Human in Space»: key trends of space medicine and biology
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