CONTENTS
Reviews
Levinskikh Ì.À., Nefedova E.L., Orlov O.I., Belakovsky M.S., Sychev V.N. Experience of cultivating plants in model experiments simulating long-term space missions
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The review dwells upon the investigations of plant growth and development in extreme environments such as the long-term studies with imitation of space missions at the IBMP Ground Experimental Facility (NEK). It was shown that the extreme environment of this pressurized habitat did not dramatically change properties of higher plants and, therefore, we can have a positive outlook on integration of greenhouses in the life support systems of advanced space vehicles and planetary bases. Approaches have been developed to investigate the operator-greenhouse-plants system with consideration for the types of human personality.
Key words: biological life support systems, higher plants, phototrophic elements, greenhouse, extreme environment, space orbital station, analogue studies, planetary base.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 5-12.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-5-12
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Ivanov I.V., Burmistrov V.I., Oransky V.A., Maksimov I.M. Analysis of application programs for calculating of in-flight radiation doses in flying personnel. Report 1. Survey of software products
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The paper contains analysis of the facilities of software products for calculation and management of radiation doses accumulated by civil flight personnel.
The software products were distributed in 4 classes, i.e. elementary, mean complexity, professional and scientific. The first two classes can be used by passengers and crew members for approximate calculation of doses accumulated in air travels. Professional software is used by international air transport companies for systematic analysis, management and monitoring of crew doses. Scientific software is used to correlate dose values received in the near-Earth atmosphere with latitudes and longitudes, solar activity and flight parameters.
In Russia, there are two available internet resources: Calculation of Radiation Doses Accumulated in Air Travels developed at the Institute of Space Researches and RUSCOSMICS© developed at the IZMIRAN Polar Geophysics Institute. Both resources allow calculation of ionizing radiation doses and dose rates at flight altitudes of 1 to 20 km in various geographic coordinates.
Key words: radiation safety, air flights, flying personnel, radiation dose, calculators, application programs.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 13-20.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-13-20
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Experimental and Theoretical Investigations
Bilous Å.À., Shishkin N.V., Glagoleva S.O., Tomilovskaya E.S. A pilot study of daily changes in postural stability and cardiovascular system functional parameters during dry immersion
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Dry immersion (DI) is a frequently used model of the physiological effects of microgravity reducing the body weight and axial loading, and postural stability.
The paper presents studies of dynamics and interconnection of changes in the postural control and cardiovascular function in 8 normal test-subjects (32.2 ± 5.8 years of age) in the course of 14-d DI.
Postural stability was tested on Stabilan-01-2 and assessed by speed and center of pressure variability in the vertical position with open/closed eyes, on solid/soft surfaces, and during head movements. The cardiovascular function was assessed by heart rate (HR) calculated from the ECG records made by cardiomonitor Ramen.
The significant reduction of postural stability after 12 hours in DI (center of pressure velocity with closed eyes on soft surface increased from 59.6 ± 16.3 mm/s to 108.3 ± 32.1 mm/s) suggests predominance of the sensorimotor mechanisms on the initial phase of adaptation.
HR increase from 65–75 /min to 95–100 /min on DI day 4 evidenced for the secondary input from the cardiovascular system in development of the postural instability. Incidence of the loss of balance reached 26 % during the most provocative test with closed eyes, on soft surface and head movements. Instances of instability were observed first on DI day-4 and reached the maximum on day-9 (3 out of 8 test-subjects).
Key words: dry immersion, body weight unloading, spaceflight factors modeling, postural stability, stabilometry, heart rhythm.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 21-27.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-21-27
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Meigal A.Yu., Kravtsova E.N., Gerasimova-Meigal L.I. Intensification of the Kohnstamm phenomenon in deltoid muscles of healthy people on exposure to the bone conduction sound at 110 hz
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Interferential electromyography (iEMG) was used to investigate influence of the bone conduction sound on the Kohnstamm phenomenon (post-activation effect, PAE) in a group of neurologically and oto-neurologically healthy young and middle-aged participants (n = 15; 11 females and 4 males at the age of 21 to 61 years).
Bone conduction sound at 110 Hz and 40 dB was transmitted to the tragus of both ears over 5 min before PAE, during a minute of PAE-inducing voluntary isometric activity, and prior to the PAE completion. Sequence of the «no-sound» and «sound» periods was randomized. Parameters were compared using the Wilcoxon criterion.
In the «no-sound» period, PAE was observed in 13 out of 15 participants (86.7 %). In the «sound» period, PAE was observed in all participants; noteworthy, 2 participants demonstrated an additional PAE period. During the «sound» condition, PAE duration increased 35 % (p < 0.01) in 12 out of 13 participants; however, iEMG and PAE latency did not change (p > 0.05). Thus, bone conduction sound intensified the Kohnstamm effect due to the PAE prolongation that is possibly associated with activation of the reticulospinal tract.
Key words: Kohnstamm phenomenon, post-activation effect, bone conduction sound, interferential electromyogram, deltoid muscles.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 28-33.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-28-33
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Akkizov A.Yu., Shaov M.T., Kurdanova M.Kh., Pshikova O.V., Kurdanov Kh.À. Effect of shortterm high-altitude hypoxia on the human cognitive functions
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The article presents results of studying whether a short-term stay in high mountains (3500 m) affects implementation of an arithmetic test.
Participants were 6 normal females. We measured the body functional parameters (SpO2, HR, CO2, blood glucose) and assessed test results by the number of solved problems (Nsolved) and correctly solved problems (Ncorrect), and derived indicators of quality and success.
A significant SpO2 reduction and HR increase pointed to hypoxia. Values of Nsolved and Ncorrect decreased by 15–30 % and 19–65 %, respectively, and evidence for decline of the ability to solve problems and do it correctly. These results demonstrate the negative effect of high-altitude hypoxia on cognition, solving arithmetic problems, under time constraint specifically.
Key words: high-altitude hypoxia, cognitive functions, arithmetic, short-term memory, claim level.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 34-41.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-34-41
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Samoilenko T.V., Shishkina V.V., Zolotareva S.N., Kubrakova E.N., Guidia À.À., Atiakshin D.À. Investigation of the integrin alpha-5 expression in smooth myocytes of the gastrointestinal tract following the space flight
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Smooth muscle tissue, the basic component of the gastrointestinal organs, is the focus of interest in space gastroenterology.
Integrins are receptors of cell adhesion which are expressed undoubtedly in all types of cells, including smooth myocytes. Integrins collaborate with the extracellular matrix and intercell signaling and participate directly in adaptation to microgravity. So far, this function of the smooth muscle has been overlooked by space gastroenterology.
Purpose is to investigate expression of alpha integrins (?5) in smooth myocytes from the stomach and jejunum of 35 male Mongolian gerbils after the 12-day Foton-M3 mission. Morphological analysis of the gastrointestinal organs consisted of the immunohistochemical detection of ?5 using rabbit mononuclear antibodies [EPR7854] ab150361, dilution 1:400 (Abcam, GB). Photography of microslides was made in 25 fields under the ZEISS Axio Imager.À2 microscope using objective 100?. Analysis was performed using ImageJ 1.51J. Result was expressed as a percentage of the total slide area.
Our investigation revealed a decrease of ?5 expression in muscle coats of the stomach and jejunum from the space-flown gerbils which suggests weakening of interactions between the cells and extracellular matrix, and a consequent reduction of myocytes contractility.
Investigations into the fundamental role of integrins in gastrointestinal adaptation to microgravity can be of use to develop methods of mitigating the risk of hypotrophy in cosmonaut’s gastrointestinal muscles.
Key words: smooth muscle tissue, smooth myocyte, integrin alpha-5, space flight, stomach, jejunum, gastrointestinal tract.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 42-48.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-42-48
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Podyanov D.A., Gracheva M.A, Koneva D.A., Semenova À.V., Nosovsky À.Ì., Manko Î.Ì., Bubeev Yu.A. Assessment of the retina ganglion cells as a biomarker of chronic stress in pilots of highly maneuverable aircrafts
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Ganglion cells of the retina were studied as potential biomarkers of chronic stress in pilots of highly maneuverable aircrafts. We examined 120 pilots at the age of 24 to 45 years with flight time total from 52 to 1600 hours. Their controls were 79 men at the age of 24 to 45years who did not have dangerous professions.
Stress level in pilots was evaluated by biochemical markers including ESR, total cholesterol, high density lipids (HDL) and low density lipids (LDL).Stress tolerance index was calculated from the leucogram formula developed by L.H. Garkavi.
Optic coherent tomography (OCT) was performed using RTVue-100 (Optovue, USA). Protocols of scanning the optic nerve head (ONH), optic nerve disc (3D Disc), ganglion cells complex (GCC) applied and their results were compared with the biochemical markers of the chronic stress.
The observed considerable global loss of the ganglion cells (GLV%) reproduces specifics of the central nervous system adaptation to the extreme factors of piloting. The loss did not correlate with the biochemical status and was depended significantly on the total flight hours, pilot’s «training».
Key words: pilots, highly maneuverable aircrafts, chronic stress, optical coherent tomography, retina, ganglion cells.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P 49-56.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-49-56
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Markina E.A., Erofeeva V.E., Yakubetz D.A., Barantseva M.Yu., Buravkova L.B. Effect of volatile organic compounds on progenitor cells of rat’s marrow cells
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In space flight, the human organism is subjected to various hostilities such as microgravity, ionizing radiation and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). About 140 VOCs were detected in the ISS atmosphere including toxic benzene and phenol which impend the bone marrow (BM). State of the BM progenitor cells determines homeostasis of the bone tissues and blood forming system critical for the body adaptation to extreme environments. Our purpose was to assess effects of the 15-day exposure to VOCs on the progenitor cells isolated from Wistar rats’ femoral BM.
The results showed a reduction of BM cellularity, inhibition of the proliferative, clonogenic and osteogenic activities and enhanced adipogenesis of stromal BM precursors. Hemopoietic colonies decreased in number. Expression of proresobtive genes increased on the background of the proinflammatory paracrine profile. VOCs affect the progenitor cells of both the stromal and hemopoietic BM differons.
Key words: volatile organic compounds, Wistar rats, bone marrow, progenitor cells.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 57-65.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-57-65
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Platova N.G., Osetsky N .Yu., Shurshakov V.A. Effects of the annual exposure of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Seeds at the antarctic station Vostok and subsequent storage in laboratory conditions
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Lettuce seeds (Lactuca sativa L.) along with passive detectors were exposed at the high-altitude VOSTOK station in the Antarctic over a year. Dose equivalent was 5–7 mSv which exceeds the annual population exposure (1 mSv) recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). On return to the laboratory, the seeds were germinated and ana-telophase cytogenetic analysis of first mitosis of root meristem was carried out. The percentage of cells with chromosomal aberrations and the percentage of chromosomal bridges and fragments increased by a factor of 2.4. Also, mean number of dividing cells on the ana-telophase stage reduced by 24 %. After 34 month storage in laboratory condition seeds exposed in Antarctic were germinated once again. The length of sprouts decreased in comparison to the length of sprouts grown from storage control seeds; the length of root and hypocotyl reduced by 11 % and 12 %. The number of seeds germinated on the first day after steeping decreased by 25%. The subject of radiation-induced aging is discussed.
Key words: Antarctic, Vostok station, Lactuca sativa L. seeds, chromosomal aberrations, gamma-neutron irradiation, low doses.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 66-74.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-66-74
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Yasnetsov Vik.V., Ivanov Yu.V., Karsanova S.K., Yasnetsov V.V. Investigation of the vestibuloprotective activity of new nicotinamide derivatives
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Experiments with rats showed that new nicotinamide derivatives LKhT 8-22 and LKhT 12-22 at a dose of 50 mg/kg have a distinct vestibuloprotective effect demonstrated by an increased food intake after rotation in 2.4 and 1.8 times, respectively. Efficiency of these substances exceeded the reference medicine mexicor (ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate) in equal dose in 1.7 and 1.3 times, respectively. More effective LKhT 8-22 exceeded LKhT 12-22 in 1.3 times.
Key words: motion sickness, new nicotinamide derivatives, vestibuloprotective activity, rats.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 75-78.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-75-78
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Methods
Kuzmina A.Yu., Voronkov Yu.I. Standards of electrocardiography application to the flying personnel of civil aviation
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Electrocardiography (ECG) is the most important method of clinical examination used broadly in all medical branches, aviation medicine included. The paper discusses the existing ECG standards and key requirements for examination of the civil aviation personnel.
Key words: aviation medicine, medical flight examination, aviation cardiology, electrocardiography in aviation specialists.
Aviakosmicheskaya i Ekologicheskaya Meditsina (Russia). 2026. V. 60. ¹ 2. P. 79-83.
DOI: 10.21687/0233-528X-2026-60-2-79-83
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